Assessing and validating the specialized competency framework for pharmacists in sales and marketing (SCF-PSM): a cross-sectional analysis in Lebanon

Namnoum, Joya; Hajj, Aline; Iskandar, Katia; Sacre, Hala; Akel, Marwan; Zeenny, Rony M.; Haddad, Chadia; Salameh, Pascale

doi:10.1186/s40545-023-00638-w

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

Table 3 Multivariable analysis of sales and marketing self-reported competencies

From: Assessing and validating the specialized competency framework for pharmacists in sales and marketing (SCF-PSM): a cross-sectional analysis in Lebanon

Variable	Estimate(B)	Standard error	Lower CI	Upper CI	p-value
Pharmaceutical knowledge
Highest degree
BS = 94	Ref
PharmD/DPharm = 34	− 0.498	0.445	− 1.369	0.381	0.265
Master = 52	− 0.157	0.497	− 1.136	0.816	0.753
Ph.D. or equivalent = 6	0.389	1.201	− 1.972	2.751	0.746
Other degrees (MBA, DBA) = 4	− 5.146	1.461	− 7.995	− 2.262	< 0.001*
Professional communication skills
Communication
Competencies acquired during undergraduate studies
[0–25] = 107	Ref
[26–50] = 79	− 0.336	0.549	− 1.417	0.746	0.541
[51–75] = 29	− 2.566	0.807	− 4.158	− 0.975	0.002*
[76–100] = 15	− 0.205	1.067	− 2.306	1.897	0.848
Competencies acquired during postgraduate studies
[0–25] = 109	Ref
[26–50] = 46	0.331	0.636	− 0.921	1.585	0.603
[51–75] = 31	− 1.970	0.840	− 3.625	− 0.315	0.020*
[76–100] = 44	0.024	0.835	− 1.622	1.670	0.977
Competencies acquired during continuing education sessions
[0–25] = 126	Ref
[26–50] = 50	0.009	0.612	− 1.197	1.215	0.988
[51–75] = 20	− 2.172	0.935	− 4.015	− 0.328	0.021*
[76–100] = 34	− 0.010	0.949	− 1.881	1.861	0.991
Negotiation
Competencies acquired during postgraduate studies
[0–25] = 109	Ref
[26–50] = 46	0.282	0.531	− 0.765	1.328	0.597
[51–75] = 31	− 1.648	0.616	− 2.862	− 0.433	0.008*
[76–100] = 44	0.254	0.543	− 0.817	1.324	0.641
Data processing analysis
Years of experience
[0–10] = 157	Ref
[11–20] = 61	1.860	0.762	0.359	3.362	0.015*
[14, 21–29] = 12	2.231	1.721	− 1.161	5.623	0.196
Information technology
Work location
Beirut = 121	Ref
Beqaa = 12	0.196	0.541	− 0.871	1.264	0.717
Mount Lebanon = 44	0.891	0.310	0.280	1.503	0.004*
North Lebanon = 29	0.175	0.366	− 0.546	0.897	0.633
South Lebanon = 8	0.240	0.642	− 1.026	1.507	0.708
Currently not working = 16	0.292	0.482	− 0.658	1.242	0.546
Self-management skills
PharmD/DPharm
No = 138	Ref
Yes = 92	− 1.096	0.440	− 1.963	− 0.229	0.013*
Competencies acquired during postgraduate studies
[0–25] = 109	Ref
[26–50] = 46	0.254	0.571	− 0.872	1.381	0.656
[51–75] = 31	− 1.771	0.665	− 3.082	− 0.460	0.008*
[76–100] = 44	0.034	0.586	− 1.121	1.187	0.955
Management skills
An additional field of work
Other field pharmacy = 29	Ref
No other field of work = 192	1.582	0.787	0.032	3.132	0.045*
Other field = 9	2.200	1.483	− 0.722	5.123	0.139
Competencies acquired during postgraduate studies
[0–25] = 109	Ref
[26–50] = 46	− 0.070	0.683	− 1.416	1.276	0.918
[51–75] = 31	− 1.922	0.795	− 3.489	− 0.355	0.016*
[76–100] = 44	0.639	0.699	− 0.738	2.017	0.361
Standard practice
Years of experience
[0–10] = 157	Ref
[11–20] = 61	0.290	0.535	− 0.766	1.345	0.589
[14, 21–29] = 12	2.825	1.256	0.350	5.300	0.025*
Competencies acquired during postgraduate studies
[0–25] = 109	Ref
[26–50] = 46	0.540	0.395	− 0.239	1.320	0.173
[51–75] = 31	− 1.353	0.519	− 2.377	− 0.330	0.010*
[76–100] = 44	− 0.202	0.523	− 1.233	0.828	0.699
Year of graduation
1989–1999 = 14	Ref
2000–2010 = 63	2.601	1.139	0.355	4.847	0.023*
2011–2020 = 153	2.235	1.180	− 0.091	4.561	0.059
Ethical practice
Competencies acquired during continuing education sessions
[0–25] = 126	Ref
[26–50] = 50	− 0.159	0.260	− 0.671	0.354	0.542
[51–75] = 20	− 0.950	0.373	− 1.686	− 0.214	0.012*
[76–100] = 34	0.096	0.308	− 0.512	0.703	0.756
Role modeling
Years of experience
[0–10] = 157	Ref
[11–20] = 61	0.501	0.389	− 0.265	1.268	0.199
[14, 21–29] = 12	2.523	0.902	0.745	4.301	0.006*
Competencies acquired during continuing education sessions
[0–25] = 126	Ref
[26–50] = 50	0.008	0.266	− 0.517	0.533	0.977
[51–75] = 20	− 1.092	0.379	− 1.840	− 0.345	0.004*
[76–100] = 34	− 0.023	0.312	− 0.637	0.591	0.940
Year of graduation
1989–1999 = 14	Ref
2000–2010 = 63	1.944	0.814	0.339	3.550	0.018*
2011–2020 = 153	2.116	0.845	0.450	3.781	0.013*
Gender
Female = 165	Ref
Male = 65	− 0.489	0.233	− 0.950	− 0.029	0.037*
Team working skills
Working 8.5 h/day	− 0.063	0.022			0.004*
Pharmacist preparedness and response in emergency situations
Emergency preparedness and response
Competencies acquired during undergraduate studies
[0–25] = 107	Ref
[26–50] = 79	− 0.074	0.736	− 1.525	1.377	0.920
[51–75] = 29	0.027	1.074	− 2.090	2.144	0.980
[76–100] = 15	3.505	1.409	0.727	6.284	0.014*
Competencies acquired during postgraduate studies
[0–25] = 109	Ref
[26–50] = 46	0.728	0.811	− 0.870	2.326	0.370
[51–75] = 31	2.310	1.097	0.146	4.473	0.036*
[76–100] = 44	0.654	1.078	− 1.472	2.780	0.545
An additional field of work
Other field of pharmacy = 29	Ref
No other field of work = 192	− 1.848	0.901	− 3.625	− 0.071	0.042*
Other field	− 3.364	1.702	− 6.719	− 0.009	0.049*
Operation management
PharmD/DPharm
No = 138	Ref
Yes = 92	− 3.850	1.684	− 7.172	− 0.527	0.023*
An additional field of work
Other than pharmacy = 29	Ref
No other field of work = 192	− 2.893	1.269	− 5.397	− 0.390	0.024*
Other field	− 6.555	2.332	− 11.156	− 1.953	0.005*
Work location
Beirut = 121	Ref
Beqaa = 12	0.782	1.902	− 2.970	4.534	0.681
Mount Lebanon = 44	2.658	1.089	0.510	4.807	0.016*
North Lebanon = 29	0.275	1.331	− 2.350	2.901	0.836
South Lebanon = 8	0.996	2.343	− 3.627	5.620	0.671
Currently not working = 16	3.710	1.732	0.291	7.128	0.033*
Patient care and population health interventions
PharmD/DPharm
No = 138	Ref
Yes = 92	− 1.048	0.417	-1.871	− 0.225	0.013*
University
Foreign University = 18	Ref
Lebanese American University = 46	− 1.019	0.518	− 2.041	0.003	0.051
Lebanese International University = 46	− 0.977	0.498	− 1.959	0.005	0.051
Saint Joseph University of Beirut = 46	− 1.184	0.524	− 2.218	− 0.150	0.025
Beirut Arab University = 39	− 1.289	0.497	− 2.269	− 0.309	0.010*
Lebanese University = 32	− 0.571	0.542	− 1.640	0.497	0.293
Competencies acquired during undergraduate studies
[0–25] = 107	Ref
[26–50] = 79	0.266	0.290	− 0.306	0.838	0.361
[51–75] = 29	0.240	0.406	− 0.561	1.042	0.555
[76–100] = 15	1.186	0.537	0.127	2.245	0.028*
Evaluation, research, and dissemination for impact and outcomes
University
Foreign University = 18	Ref
Lebanese American University = 46	− 1.263	1.021	− 3.277	0.750	0.217
Lebanese International University = 46	− 2.355	0.988	− 4.304	− 0.407	0.018*
Saint Joseph University of Beirut = 46	− 1.441	1.076	− 3.562	0.680	0.182
Beirut Arab University = 39	− 1.795	1.010	− 3.787	0.196	0.077
Lebanese University = 32	− 1.109	1.117	− 3.311	1.094	0.322
PharmD/DPharm
No = 138	Ref
Yes = 92	− 1.835	0.862	− 3.534	− 0.135	0.034*
Competencies acquired during undergraduate studies
[0–25] = 107	Ref
[26–50] = 79	0.822	0.597	− 0.355	1.998	0.170
[51–75] = 29	0.714	0.839	− 0.940	2.368	0.396
[76–100] = 15	2.417	1.112	0.224	4.609	0.031*
Competencies acquired during postgraduate studies
[0–25] = 109	Ref
[26–50] = 46	− 1.552	0.654	− 2.841	− 0.263	0.018*
[51–75] = 31	0.099	0.866	− 1.609	1.808	0.909
[76–100] = 44	0.894	0.872	− 0.826	2.614	0.307
Competencies acquired during continuing education sessions
[0–25] = 126	Ref
[26–50] = 50	1.275	0.654	0.084	2.465	0.018*
[51–75] = 20	− 0.850	0.866	− 2.739	1.038	0.909
[76–100] = 34	− 0.341	0.872	− 2.232	1.550	0.307

BS Bachelor of Science; CE continuing education; CI confidence interval; MBA Master of Business Administration. Values marked in bold are significant p < 0.05

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