Table 2 Factors associated with non-surviving paraquat-poisoned patients

Mean age (years ± SD) (n = 133)

36 ± 15

38 ± 16

Reason for exposure to poison (n = 127)

 - Intentional

47 (37.0)

64 (50.4)

 - Accidental

12 (9.5)

4 (3.1)

Mean amount of paraquat ingested (ml ± SD) (n = 106)

20.6 ± 42.1

206.7 ± 257.8

Period from poison exposure to arrival at hospital (h ± SD) (n = 111)

24.0 ± 34.4

13.8 ± 28.6

Gastrointestinal tract disorder (n = 129)

 - No

11 (8.5)

7 (5.4)

 - Yes

45 (34.9)

66 (51.2)

Renal disorder (n = 126)

 - No

28 (22.2)

4 (3.2)

 - Yes

27 (21.4)

67 (53.2)

Pulmonary disorder (n = 127)

 - No

51 (40.2)

17 (13.4)

 - Yes

4 (3.1)

55 (43.3)

Hepatic disorder (n = 126)

 - No

42 (33.3)

37 (29.4)

 - Yes

13 (10.3)

34 (27.0)

Cardiovascular system disorder (n = 126)

 - No

52 (41.2)

36 (28.6)

 - Yes

3 (2.4)

35 (27.8)

Central nervous system disorder (n = 126)

 - No

55 (43.6)

52 (41.3)

 - Yes

0 (0.0)

19 (15.1)

Dermatological disorder (n = 126)

 - No

49 (38.9)

64 (50.8)

 - Yes

6 (4.8)

7 (5.5)

Multiorgan failure (n = 72)

 - No

28 (38.9)

10 (13.9)

 - Yes

0 (0.0)

34 (47.2)

Degree of severity (n = 126)

 - Mild

10 (8.0)

0 (0.0)

 - Moderate-to-severe

45 (35.7)

47 (37.3)

 - Fulminant

0 (0.0)

24 (19.0)

Treatment for paraquat intoxication (n = 148)

 - Gastric lavage

31 (23.3)

46 (34.6)

 - Activated charcoal

28 (21.1)

53 (39.8)

 - Hemoperfusion

10 (7.5)

17 (12.8)

 - Cyclophosphamide

55 (41.4)

67 (50.4)

 - Dexamethasone

57 (42.9)

70 (52.6)

 - Vitamin C

54 (40.6)

61 (45.9)

 - Vitamin E

53 (39.8)

64 (48.1)