Table 1 Risk bias assessment of included 22 studies
Author and publication year | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boonstra et al., 2005 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 78 | 96 |
Boonstra et al., 2002 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 75 | 93 |
Mashalla et al., 2017 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 80 | 99 |
Borchert et al., 1999 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 76 | 94 |
Eticha and Gemechu, 2021 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 76 | 94 |
Prah et al., 2017 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 80 | 99 |
Sefah et al., 2021 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 79 | 98 |
Owusu et al., 2022 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 79 | 98 |
Bosibori , 2016 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 79 | 98 |
Bello, 2021 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 80 | 99 |
Sibande et al., 2022 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 78 | 96 |
Niaz et al., 2020 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 80 | 99 |
Akpabio et al., 2014 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 79 | 98 |
Govender, Suleman and Perumal-Pillay., 2021 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 79 | 98 |
Gasson, Blockman and Willems , 2018 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 78 | 96 |
Mayiste et al., 2017 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 81 | 100 |
Otim et al ., 2021 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | Â | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 79 | 98 |
Musa, Harron and Maatoug., 2019 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 74 | 91 |
Wiedenmayer et al., 2021 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 81 | 100 |
Budimu et al., 2020 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 77 | 95 |
Obakiro et al., 2021 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 81 | 100 |
Miyanda, Siame and Chisulo., 2022 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 76 | 94 |
ROB in % is | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 97% | |