Table 2 PIM list independent of disease

Acid related disorders (A02)

Aluminium antacids

3.48

2.96–3.99

2.62

2.23–3.01

Not PIM^a

H2 receptors antagonists

2.76

2.21–3.32

2.19

1.88–2.50

PIM

Proton pump inhibitors

2.62

2.00–3.24

2.19

1.74–2.63

PIM

Metoclopramide

2.33

1.83–2.84

–

–

PIM

Atropine

1.52

1.29–1.76

–

–

PIM

Belladona alkaloids

1.71

1.38–2.04

–

–

PIM

Clidinium–chlordiazepoxide

1.86

1.53–2.19

–

–

PIM

Dicyclomine

2.00

1.71–2.29

–

–

PIM

Homatropine

1.95

1.68–2.22

–

–

PIM

Constipation (A06)

Viscous paraffin

3.10

2.49–3.70

2.48

1.99–2.97

PIM

Bisacodyl

3.10

2.47–3.72

2.67

2.12–3.21

Not PIM^a

Cascara sagrada

2.95

2.62–3.29

2.47

2.11–2.85

PIM

Magnesium oxide

3.14

2.75–3.53

2.52

2.13–2.92

PIM^b

Polyethylene glycol

3.05

2.52–3.58

2.48

2.03–2.92

PIM^b

Diabetes (A10)

Metformin

3.48

3.01–3.97

–

–

Not PIM

Sulfonylureas (long acting)

2.14

1.60–2.69

–

–

PIM

Pioglitazone

2.14

1.73–2.56

–

–

PIM^b

Insulin sliding scale

2.81

2.24–3.38

2.38

1.83–2.93

PIM

Acarbose

3.57

3.12–4.01

–

–

Not PIM

Sodium–glucose co-transporters (SGLT) inhibitors

3.29

2.82–3.74

2.81

2.34–3.28

Not PIM^a

DPP4 inhibitors

4.33

3.79–4.88

–

–

Not PIM

Antithrombotic agents (B01)

Aspirin

2.86

2.37–3.34

2.81

2.30–3.32

Not PIM^a

Clopidogrel

2.95

2.42–3.48

2.67

2.18–3.15

Not PIM^a

Dipyridamole

2.52

2.01–3.04

2.24

1.86–2.62

PIM

Vitamin K antagonists

2.43

2.00–2.85

–

–

PIM^b

Direct thrombin inhibitors

2.71

2.28–3.15

2.48

2.01–2.95

PIM

Factor Xa inhibitors

2.71

2.30–3.13

2.33

1.87–2.80

PIM

Ticlopidine

2.43

1.98–2.87

–

–

PIM

Prasugrel

2.33

1.89–2.77

–

–

PIM

Enoxaparin

3.83

2.80–4.87

–

–

Not PIM

Heparin

3.83

3.04–4.62

–

–

Not PIM

Fondaparinux

4.00

3.34–4.66

–

–

Not PIM

Ticagrelor

4.00

3.34–4.66

–

–

Not PIM

Streptokinase

3.83

3.04–4.62

–

–

Not PIM

Anaemic preparations (B03)

Oral iron

3.24

2.68–3.79

3.05

2.56–3.54

Not PIM^a

Cardiac therapy (C01)

Digoxin

2.05

1.65–2.44

–

–

PIM

Antiarrhythmics

2.19

1.79–2.59

–

–

PIM

Ivabradine

4.17

3.74–4.59

–

–

Not PIM

Isosorbide dinitrate

4.00

3.06–4.93

–

–

Not PIM

Isosorbide mononitrate

3.83

3.04–4.62

–

–

Not PIM

Antihypertensives (C02)

Methyldopa

1.90

1.52–2.28

–

–

PIM

Clonidine

2.00

1.59–2.40

–

–

PIM

Moxonidine

2.52

2.07–2.97

–

–

PIM

Doxazosin

2.29

1.78–2.79

–

–

PIM

Prazosin

2.29

1.78–2.79

–

–

PIM

Reserpine

1.90

1.56–2.25

–

–

PIM

Diuretics (C03)

Loop diuretics

2.33

1.83–2.84

–

–

PIM

Thiazide diuretics

2.29

1.83–2.74

–

–

PIM

Spironolactone

2.38

1.92–2.85

–

–

PIM

Peripheral vasodilators (C04)

Pentoxifylline

2.81

2.26–3.36

2.62

2.13–3.11

Not PIM^a

Beta blocking agents (C07)

Non-selective beta-blocker

2.33

1.94–2.72

–

–

PIM

Calcium channel blockers (C08)

Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

2.43

1.98–2.87

–

–

PIM^b

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

2.43

1.91–2.94

–

–

PIM

Felodipine

4.00

3.06–4.93

–

–

Not PIM

Agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system (C09)

ACE inhibitors

3.48

2.95–4.00

3.10

2.60–3.60

Not PIM^a

ARBs

3.57

3.06–4.08

–

–

Not PIM

Sacubitril/valsartan combination

3.83

3.04–4.62

–

–

Not PIM

Lipid modifying agents (C10)

Statin

4.00

3.34–4.67

–

–

Not PIM

Gemfibrozil

4.00

3.34–4.67

–

–

Not PIM

Fenofibrate

4.17

3.74–4.59

–

–

Not PIM

Sex hormones and modulators of genital systems (G03)

Oral oestrogens

2.67

2.18–3.15

2.33

1.89–2.77

PIM

Androgens

2.48

2.05–2.90

–

–

PIM

Megestrol

2.29

1.85–2.72

–

–

PIM

Urological (G04)

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors

2.38

1.83–2.92

–

–

PIM^b

Antimuscarinics for urinary frequency and incontinence

2.19

1.72–2.66

–

–

PIM

Selective alpha-1 blockers

2.76

2.23–3.30

2.33

1.87–2.80

PIM

PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES AND ANALOGUES (H01)

Desmopressin

2.43

1.94–2.92

–

–

PIM

Corticosteroids for systemic use (H02)

Systemic corticosteroids

2.19

1.79–2.59

–

–

PIM

Hormonal preparations (H03)

Levothyroxine

3.24

2.76–3.71

2.86

2.40–3.32

Not PIM^a

Carbimazole

4.17

3.74–4.59

–

–

Not PIM

Antibacterial for systemic use (J01)

Nitrofurantoin

2.71

2.21–3.22

2.48

2.05–2.90

PIM

Vancomycin

2.81

2.36–3.26

2.43

1.92–2.94

PIM^b

Clindamycin

2.86

2.40–3.32

2.52

2.13–2.92

PIM^b

Aminoglycosides

2.57

2.15–2.99

–

–

PIM^b

Antineoplastic agents (L01)

Growth hormone

2.43

2.09–2.77

–

–

PIM

Monoclonal antibodies

3.00

2.62–3.38

2.43

2.01–2.85

PIM

Immunosuppressants (L04)

Leflunomide

2.90

2.45–3.36

2.24

1.81–2.67

PIM^b

Methotrexate

2.71

2.26–3.17

2.10

1.67–2.52

PIM^b

Azathioprine

2.81

2.34–3.29

2.24

1.79–2.69

PIM^b

Etanercept

2.90

2.46–3.36

2.24

1.81–2.67

PIM^b

Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products (M01)

Non-COX-2 selective NSAIDs

1.81

1.39–2.23

–

–

PIM

COX-2 selective inhibitors

2.24

1.83–2.64

–

–

PIM

Muscle relaxants (M03)

Baclofen

2.00

1.57–2.43

–

–

PIM

Orphenadrine

1.81

1.50–2.11

–

–

PIM

Chlorzoxazone

2.10

1.72–2.47

–

–

PIM

Antigout preparations (M04)

Colchicine

2.90

2.37–3.44

2.48

2.03–2.92

PIM

Drugs for treatment of bone diseases (M05)

Oral bisphosphonates

3.38

2.99–3.77

2.81

2.34–3.28

Not PIM^a

Analgesics (N02)

Opioids

2.19

1.82–2.56

–

–

PIM

Ergotamine and derivatives

2.24

1.81–2.67

–

–

PIM

Paracetamol

4.29

4.03–4.54

–

–

Not PIM

Fentanyl patch

–

–

2.38

1.96–2.80

PIM^a

Antiepileptics drugs (N03)

Barbiturates

1.86

1.50–2.22

–

–

PIM

Phenytoin

2.10

1.67–2.52

–

–

PIM^b

Lithium

–

–

1.95

1.58–2.32

PIM^b

Levetiracetam

–

–

3.14

2.60–3.69

Not PIM^a

Sodium valproate

–

–

2.33

1.89–2.77

PIM^a,b

Carbamazepine

3.83

3.04–4.62

–

–

Not PIM

Antiparkinson agents (N04)

Trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol)

2.00

1.62–2.38

–

–

PIM

Biperiden

2.24

1.89–2.59

–

–

PIM^b

Benzatropine

2.10

1.74–2.45

–

–

PIM

Selegiline

2.62

2.13–3.11

2.48

2.11–2.85

PIM^b

Levodopa and dopamine agonists

3.10

2.62–3.57

2.48

2.03–2.92

PIM^b

Neuroleptics (N05)

Barbiturates with hypnotic properties

1.81

1.47–2.15

–

–

PIM

Atypical antipsychotics

1.95

1.62–2.29

–

–

PIM

Thioxanthones

2.19

1.85–2.53

–

–

PIM^b

Chloral hydrate

2.19

1.79–2.59

–

–

PIM

Benzodiazepines

1.67

1.40–1.92

–

–

PIM

Phenothiazines (first generation antipsychotics)

1.86

1.64–2.07

–

–

PIM

Haloperidol

1.90

1.59–2.22

–

–

PIM

Zopiclone

2.05

1.65–2.44

–

–

PIM

Zolpidem

2.10

1.67–2.52

–

–

PIM

Hydroxyzine

1.76

1.56–1.96

–

–

PIM

Neuroanaleptics (N06)

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

2.62

2.15–3.09

2.38

1.99–2.77

PIM

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

2.86

2.33–3.38

2.48

2.05–2.90

PIM^b

Tricyclic antidepressants

1.62

1.39–1.84

–

–

PIM

Piracetam

2.90

2.43–3.38

2.14

1.78–2.50

PIM

Methylphenidate

2.33

1.92–2.75

–

–

PIM^b

Mirtazapine

3.83

3.04–4.62

–

–

Not PIM

Venlafaxine

3.83

3.04–4.62

–

–

Not PIM

Antivertigo (N07)

Flunarizine

2.76

2.24–3.28

2.29

1.93–2.64

PIM^b

Cinnarizine

2.71

2.21–3.22

2.43

2.03–2.82

PIM^b

Antimalarials (P01)

Hydroxychloroquine

2.17

1.38–2.96

–

–

PIM^b

Drugs for obstructive airway diseases (R03)

Xanthine derivatives

2.24

1.81–2.67

–

–

PIM

Anti-muscarinic bronchodilators

3.29

2.73–3.85

2.48

2.05–2.90

PIM^b

Antihistamines for systemic use (R06)

First generation antihistamines

1.75

1.47–2.25

–

–

PIM