Fig. 1

Flowchart of identified studies and data grading. Flowchart showing the identification, screening and grading of oncology medicines used to estimate the difference in the estimated R&D spend between precision and non-precision oncology medicines. From the dataset, CAR T-cell therapies, radiopharmaceuticals, and hormonal blockers, etc., were excluded and the remaining 112 oncology medicines split into precision and non-precision oncology medicines. Oncology medicines without clinical trial data were removed (Grade E and F). Finally, precision medicines which did not consistently use a CDx in their trials were excluded (n = 7), as were non-precision medicines which did use a CDx in their clinical trials (n = 8). CDx companion diagnostic, R&D research and development