Table 1 Demographic characteristics of subjects
Demographic characteristic | Number of patients, n (%) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total patients (n = 956) | Hospital (n = 395) | Primary health clinic (n = 561) | ||
Gender | ||||
 Male | 382 (40.0) | 173 (43.8) | 209 (37.3) | 0.042a |
 Female | 574 (60.0) | 222 (56.2) | 352 (62.7) | |
Age (year) | 58 (15.0) | 57 (17.0) | 59 (13.0) | 0.003b |
Race | ||||
 Malay | 407 (42.6) | 157 (39.7) | 250 (44.6) | 0.258a |
 Chinese | 322 (33.7) | 132 (33.4) | 190 (33.9) | |
 Indian | 220 (23.0) | 102 (26.1) | 117 (20.9) | |
 Other | 7 (0.7) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | |
Duration of DM (year) | 10 (10.0) | 10 (10.0) | 10 (8.0) | 0.625b |
Body Mass Index, BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 (6.6) | 27.1 (6.8) | 26.8 (6.4) | 0.816b |
Default follow-up | ||||
 Yes | 155 (16.2) | 86 (21.8) | 69 (12.3) | < 0.001a |
 No | 801 (83.8) | 309 (78.2) | 492 (87.7) | |
Total interventions (median, IQR) | 4.0 (5.0) | 5.0 (4.0) | 3.0 (5.0) | < 0.001b |
Total visits to post 1 (median, IQR) | 4.0 (2.0) | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.0 (3.0) | 0.044b |
Total visits post 1 to post 2 (median, IQR) | 5.0 (4.0) | 4.0 (4.0) | 7.0 (5.0) | < 0.001b |
Comorbid | ||||
 Dyslipidemia | 819 (85.7) | 326 (82.5) | 493 (87.9) | 0.020 |
 Hypertension | 748 (78.2) | 299 (75.7) | 449 (80.0) | 0.109 |
 Macrovascular | ||||
  Cardiovascular disease | 184 (19.2) | 102 (25.8) | 82 (14.6) | < 0.001 |
  Peripheral vascular disease | 36 (3.8) | 20 (5.1) | 16 (2.9) | 0.077 |
  Cerebrovascular disease | 32 (3.3) | 14 (3.5) | 18 (3.2) | 0.776 |
 Microvascular | ||||
  Neuropathy | 253 (26.5) | 140 (35.4) | 113 (20.2) | < 0.001 |
  Nephropathy | 227 (23.7) | 94 (23.8) | 133 (23.7) | 0.970 |
  Retinopathy | 202 (21.1) | 74 (18.7) | 128 (22.8) | 0.128 |
Type of regimen | ||||
 Single OGLD* | 26 (2.7) | 22 (5.6) | 4 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
 Two OGLD | 137 (14.3) | 73 (18.5) | 64 (11.4) | |
 Triple OGLD | 11 (1.2) | 9 (2.3) | 2 (0.4) | |
 OGLD + basal insulin | 228 (23.8) | 76 (19.2) | 152 (27.1) | |
 OGLD + premixed insulin | 336 (35.1) | 131 (33.2) | 205 (36.5) | |
 OGLD + basal bolus | 135 (14.1) | 46 (11.6) | 89 (15.9) | |
 Insulin only | 83 (8.7) | 38 (9.6) | 45 (8.0) | |