Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in this review
S/no. | Author and year | Country and continent | Study setting/no. of centres | Guideline used | Period of the study | Number of participants | Prevalence of HAIs | Prevalence of different types of HAIs | Prevalence of different HAIs among total HAIs | Prevalence of HAIs in speciality/ward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Labi et al., 2019 [23] | Ghana | Multicentre (10 hospitals) | ECDC | September to December 2016 | 2107 | 172/2107 (8.2%) | SSI: 2.8% BSI: 1.7% UTI: 1.6% RTI: 1.4% | SSI: 32.9% BSI: 19.5% UTI: 18.5% RTI: 16.3% DAI: 7.1% | Surgical: 11.2 Paediatrics: 8.0 Medical: 7.5 OBG: 6.4 Psychiatry: 4.5 |
2 | Ketata et al., 2021 [29] | Tunisia | Bicentric (2 hospitals) | CDC | February 2019 | 898 | 65/898 (7.24%) | SSI: 1.11% BSI: 1.22% UTI: 2.56% RTI: 2.0% | SSI: 12.3% BSI: 13.6% UTI: 28.4% RTI: 22.2% | NA |
3 | Bunduki et al., 2021 [32] | Malawi | Single centre (department of surgery only) | ECDC | June 2020 | 105 | 12/105 (11.4%) | NA | SSI: 33.3% BSI: 25.0% UTI: 33.3% Bone/Joint infection: 8.3% | Surgery: 11.4% |
4 | Usman [22] | Nigeria | Multicentre (3 hospitals) | ECDC | April to May 2019 | 321 | 46/321 (14.3%) | SSI: 5.0% BSI: 5.9% UTI: 2.56% Pneumonia: 1.9% GI: 1.6% EENTI: 0.6% SSTI: 0.3% | SSI: 32.0% BSI: 38.0% UTI: 18.5% Pneumonia: 12.0% GI: 10.0% EENTI: 6.0% SSTI: 2.0% DAI: 2.5% | Pediatric: 2.7% Neonatal: 53.6% Medical: 9.2% Surgical: 10.1% OBG: 10.0% Pediatric surgery: 14.6% |
5 | Chiguer et al., 2018 [28] | Morocco | Single centre | ECDC | June–July 2017 | 207 | 46/207 (22.2%) | NA | SSI: 15.21% Systemic infection: 8.7% UTI: 17.39% LRTI: 8.7% GI: 10.0% EENTI: 2.17% SSTI: 10.87% | NA |
6 | Yallew et al., 2016 [31] | Ethiopia | Multicentre (2 hospitals) Repeated point-prevalence | CDC | March to July 2015 | 908 | 135/908 (14.9%) | SSI: 7.59% BSI: 2.09% UTI: 0.99% Pneumonia: 2.75% GI: 0.55% SSTI: 0.55% | SSI: 51.1% BSI: 14.1% UTI: 6.7% Pneumonia: 18.5% GI: 3.7% SSTI: 3.7% | NA |
7 | Ahoyo et al., 2014 [4] | Benin Republic | Multicentre (39 hospitals) | CDC | October 2012 | 3130 | 597/3130 (19.1%) | NA | SSI: 19.2% IVCI: 27% BSI: 1.5% UTI: 37.5% LRTI: 11.7% | |
8 | Jamoussi et al., 2018 [27] | Tunisia | Multicentre (15 ICUs) | NA | September 2017 | 103 | 32/103 (25.2%) | Pneumonia: 18.4% CR infection: 4.8% BSI: 2.9% UTI: 2.9% SSTI: 0.9% Peritonitis: 0.9% | Pneumonia: 59% CR infection: 15% | ICU: 25.2% |
9 | Mpinda-Joseph et al., 2019 [21] | Botswana | Single centre | CDC | November 2017 | 347 | 47/347 (13.54%) | NA | SSI: 23.4% Ventilator associated infection: 17% Debitucus ulcer: 10.6% LCBSI: 8.5% UTI: 6.4% | ICU: 100% Nephrology: 50% SCBU: 41.9% Pediatric medical: 33.3% |
10 | Nair et al., 2018 [20] | South Africa | Single centre | CDC | February to March 2016 | 326 | 25/326 (7.67%) | BSI: 0.92% SSI: 4.6% LRTI: 0.92% UTI: 1.53% | BSI: 11.5% SSI: 57.7% LRTI: 11.5% UTI: 19.2% | General surgery: 7.69% Internal medicine: 4.11% Paediatrics: 6.12% Orthopaedics: 15.56% OBG: 11.11% Ophthalmology: 0% |
11 | Olivier et al., 2018 [19] | South Africa | Multicentre (2 hospitals—pediatric and neonatal wards only) | CDC | December 2016 | 151 | 15/151 (9.9%) | Pneumonia: 3.3% BSI: 1.9% UTI: 1.9% SSI: 0.6% | Pneumonia: 33.3% BSI: 20.0% UTI: 20% | Neonatal ward: 7.0% Paediatric: 11.7% |
12 | Ayed et al., 2019 [26] | Tunisia | Multicentre (2 hospitals) | CDC | July 2017 | 752 | 76/752 (10.0%) | RTI: 4.0% UTI: 1.86% SSI: 1.6% EENTI: 0.8% BSI: 0.66% GI: 0.53% SSTI: 0.4% | RTI: 36.6% UTI: 17.1% SSI: 14.6% EENTI: 7.3% BSI: 6.1% GI: 4.9% SSTI: 3.6% | NA |
13 | Mahjoub et al., 2015 [25] | Tunisia | Single centre | CDC | 2012 | 312 | 39/312 (12.5%) | NA | PVC: 42.2% RTI: 15.6% EENTI: 13.4% | Medical: 22 (56.4%) Surgical: 17 (43.66%) |
14 | Razine et al., 2012 [24] | Morocco | Multicentre | CDC | January 13–15 2010 | 1195 | 116/1195 (9.7%) | NA | UTI: 35% SSI: 29.3% LRTI: 10.6% BSI: 8.1% SSTI: 5.7% | ICU: 34.5% OBG: 12.1% Surgery: 13.5 Pediatric: 9.7 Medical: 4.5% Pediatric surgery: 1.5% |
15 | Greco and Magombe, 2011 [30] | Uganda | Single centre | WHO | February 2010 | 410 | 115/410 (28.0%) | NA | NA | NA |