Table 6 Multivariate logistic regression of potential risk factors for mental health outcomes in South African pharmacistsa
Variable | Categories (Reference) | GAD-7 anxiety symptoms (n = 919) (GAD-7 ≥ 10) | PHQ-9 depression symptoms (n = 898) (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | PSS-10 stress symptoms (n = 869) (PSS-10 ≥ 15) | WRQoL (n = 801) (WRQoL ≤ 71) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR [CI]95% | aOR [CI]95% | aOR [CI]95% | aOR [CI]95% | ||
Demographics | |||||
 Gender | Female (Male) | *1.961 [1.358, 2.832] | *1.837 [1.265, 2.667] | *1.580 [1.051, 2.375] | 1.325 [0.879, 1.999] |
 Age (years) | 20–30 (> 60) | 3.467 [0.937, 12.82] | 2.118 [0.590, 7.598] | 2.553 [0.646, 10.09] | 1.882 [0.453, 7.810] |
31–40 (> 60) | 2.218 [0.724, 6.798] | 1.634 [0.531, 5.027] | 2.339 [0.708, 7.722] | 2.370 [0.694, 8.096] | |
41–50 (> 60) | 1.713 [0.685, 4.284] | 1.677 [0.671, 4.193] | 1.235 [0.484, 3.151] | 1.299 [0.478, 3.533] | |
51–60 (> 60) | 1.887 [0.792, 4.497] | 1.522 [0.646, 3.587] | 0.963 [0.397, 2.335] | 1.190 [0.460, 3.077] | |
 Ethnicity | Asian (Black) | *1.822 [1.028, 3.231] | 1.410 [0.812, 2.448] | *2.284 [1.208, 4.320] | 1.263 [0.695, 2.296] |
Coloured (Black) | 1.726 [0.635, 4.690] | 2.190 [0.885, 5.420] | *3.452 [1.004, 11.87] | 0.874 [0.335, 2.279] | |
White (Black) | 1.250 [0.717, 2.181] | *1.862 [1.046, 3.315] | 1.693 [0.905, 3.167] | 0.969 [0.538, 1.745] | |
 Professional experience (years) |  > 5–10 (0–5) | 1.532 [0.747, 3.142] | 0.914 [0.459, 1.818] | 1.136 [0.503, 2.569] | 1.286 [0.612, 2.704] |
 > 10–20 (0–5) | 1.237 [0.513, 2.986] | 0.742 [0.322, 1.713] | 1.016 [0.382, 2.703] | 0.650 [0.262, 1.612] | |
 > 20 (0–5) | 1.122 [0.379, 3.322] | 0.540 [0.185, 1.571] | 0.893 [0.278, 2.865] | 0.727 [0.232, 2.279] | |
 Qualification | Doctoral (Bachelors) | 0.458 [0.138, 1.520] | 0.519 [0.134, 2.002] | 1.101 [0.250, 4.844] | 1.122 [0.328, 3.838] |
Masters (Bachelors) | 0.912 [0.545, 1.527] | 0.880 [0.527, 1.469] | 0.977 [0.556, 1.719] | 0.789 [0.466, 1.336] | |
 Marital status | Never married (Married) | 1.252 [0.712, 2.203] | 1.015 [0.590, 1.745] | 1.173 [0.605, 2.276] | 1.785 [0.996, 3.198] |
Living together (Married) | 1.132 [0.466, 2.749] | 1.095 [0.450, 2.664] | 0.985 [0.332, 2.922] | 1.813 [0.731, 4.494] | |
Divorced (Married) | 0.798 [0.333, 1.912] | 0.614 [0.261, 1.443] | 0.540 [0.211, 1.383] | 1.286 [0.480, 3.450] | |
Widowed (Married) | 1.363 [0.284, 6.546] | 1.700 [0.348, 8.302] | 2.976 [0.422, 21.02] | 1.865 [0.357, 9.756] | |
Clinical characteristics | |||||
 History of mental health condition | Yes (No) | *2.504 [1.519, 4.126] | *3.682 [2.192, 6.185] | *3.337 [1.847, 6.027] | 1.113 [0.717, 1.728] |
 Pre-existing chronic conditions | Yes (No) | 1.183 [0.811, 1.725] | 1.081 [0.736, 1.590] | 0.891 [0.592, 1.341] | 1.155 [0.780, 1.709] |
 Tested positive for COVID-19 | Yes (No) | 0.979 [0.651, 1.471] | 1.042 [0.691, 1.572] | 1.184 [0.757, 1.853] | 1.288 [0.833, 1.990] |
Influence of COVID-19 pandemic | |||||
 Lived apart from family | Yes (No) | *1.664 [1.148, 2.411] | *1.518 [1.060, 2.175] | 1.531 [0.996, 2.353] | *1.603 [1.097, 2.344] |
 Pharmacists’ Practice affected during the pandemic | Yes—drastically (No) | *2.701 [1.356, 5.381] | *4.234 [2.060, 8.700] | *3.135 [1.442, 6.816] | *5.185 [2.404, 11.18] |
Yes—slightly (No) | 1.401 [0.716, 2.742] | 1.939 [0.969, 3.880] | 1.697 [0.803, 3.585] | *2.793 [1.301, 5.995] | |
Not applicable (No) | 1.378 [0.663, 2.863] | *2.199 [1.027, 4.710] | 1.649 [0.739, 3.679] | 1.517 [0.668, 3.444] | |
Missing (No) | 1.783 [0.832, 3.818] | 1.691 [0.764, 3.742] | 1.674 [0.640, 4.375] | 1.330 [0.314, 5.638] | |