|
Variables
| |
n (%)
|
Antibiotic use
|
p-value*
|
|---|
|
Age
|
≤ 65 years
|
3720 (92.0)
|
572 (15.4)
|
< 0.001
|
|
> 65 years, median (IQR)
|
323 (8.0)
|
126 (38.9)
|
|
Gender
|
Male
|
2628 (65.0)
|
488 (18.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Female
|
1415 (35.0)
|
21 (14.8)
|
|
Ethnicity
|
Malay
|
3119 (77.2)
|
498 (16.0)
|
< 0.001a
|
|
Chinese
|
333 (8.2)
|
67 (20.1)
|
|
Indian
|
115 (2.8)
|
18 (15.7)
|
|
Orang Asli Semenanjung
|
4 (0.1)
|
0 (0.0)
|
|
Bumiputera Sabah
|
191 (4.7)
|
64 (33.5)
|
|
Bumiputera Sarawak
|
281 (7.0)
|
51 (18.1)
|
|
Number of comorbidities
|
No comorbidity
|
2549
|
258 (10.1)
|
< 0.001b
|
|
1
|
834 (20.6)
|
205 (24.6)
|
|
2
|
373 (9.2)
|
120 (32.2)
|
|
3
|
194 (4.8)
|
74 (38.1)
|
|
4
|
68 (1.7)
|
31 (45.6)
|
|
5
|
20 (0.5)
|
7 (35.0)
|
|
6
|
4 (0.1)
|
2 (50.0)
|
|
7
|
1 (0.02)
|
1 (100.0)
|
|
Types of comorbidities
|
Hypertension
|
824 (20.4)
|
270 (32.8)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
517 (12.8)
|
204 (39.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Dyslipidaemia
|
215 (5.3)
|
49 (22.8)
|
0.028
|
|
Asthma
|
176 (4.4)
|
35 (19.9)
|
0.347
|
|
Chronic cardiac disease
|
172 (4.3)
|
64 (37.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
92 (2.3)
|
60 (65.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Obesity
|
73 (1.8)
|
19 (26.0)
|
0.046
|
|
Malignant neoplasm
|
40 (1.0)
|
15 (37.5)
|
0.001
|
|
Rheumatologic disorder
|
33 (0.8)
|
13 (39.4)
|
0.001
|
|
Chronic neurological disorder
|
32 (0.8)
|
12 (37.5)
|
0.002
|
|
Chronic pulmonary disease
|
28 (0.7)
|
19 (67.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Liver disease
|
10 (0.3)
|
2 (20.0)
|
0.822
|
|
Chronic hematologic disease
|
7 (0.2)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0.103#
|
|
AIDS/HIV
|
7 (0.2)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0.103
|
|
Dementia
|
4 (0.1)
|
1 (25.0)
|
0.697#
|
|
Smoking
|
Smoker
|
500 (12.4)
|
53 (16.9)
|
0.851
|
|
Non-smoker
|
3543 (87.6)
|
645 (17.3)
|
- IQR interquartile range; AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV human immunodeficiency virus
- a Chi-square analysis of Malay and non-Malay ethnicity
- b Chi-square analysis of no comorbidity vs 1, 2 and more than 2 comorbidities
- * Chi-Square test
- # Fisher's Exact test
