Table 2 Demographic characteristic of COVID-19 patients, (n = 4043)
Variables | Â | n (%) | Antibiotic use | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age |  ≤ 65 years | 3720 (92.0) | 572 (15.4) |  < 0.001 |
 > 65 years, median (IQR) | 323 (8.0) | 126 (38.9) | ||
Gender | Male | 2628 (65.0) | 488 (18.6) |  < 0.001 |
Female | 1415 (35.0) | 21 (14.8) | ||
Ethnicity | Malay | 3119 (77.2) | 498 (16.0) |  < 0.001a |
Chinese | 333 (8.2) | 67 (20.1) | ||
Indian | 115 (2.8) | 18 (15.7) | ||
Orang Asli Semenanjung | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Bumiputera Sabah | 191 (4.7) | 64 (33.5) | ||
Bumiputera Sarawak | 281 (7.0) | 51 (18.1) | ||
Number of comorbidities | No comorbidity | 2549 | 258 (10.1) |  < 0.001b |
1 | 834 (20.6) | 205 (24.6) | ||
2 | 373 (9.2) | 120 (32.2) | ||
3 | 194 (4.8) | 74 (38.1) | ||
4 | 68 (1.7) | 31 (45.6) | ||
5 | 20 (0.5) | 7 (35.0) | ||
6 | 4 (0.1) | 2 (50.0) | ||
7 | 1 (0.02) | 1 (100.0) | ||
Types of comorbidities | Hypertension | 824 (20.4) | 270 (32.8) |  < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 517 (12.8) | 204 (39.5) |  < 0.001 | |
Dyslipidaemia | 215 (5.3) | 49 (22.8) | 0.028 | |
Asthma | 176 (4.4) | 35 (19.9) | 0.347 | |
Chronic cardiac disease | 172 (4.3) | 64 (37.2) |  < 0.001 | |
Chronic kidney disease | 92 (2.3) | 60 (65.2) |  < 0.001 | |
Obesity | 73 (1.8) | 19 (26.0) | 0.046 | |
Malignant neoplasm | 40 (1.0) | 15 (37.5) | 0.001 | |
Rheumatologic disorder | 33 (0.8) | 13 (39.4) | 0.001 | |
Chronic neurological disorder | 32 (0.8) | 12 (37.5) | 0.002 | |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 28 (0.7) | 19 (67.9) |  < 0.001 | |
Liver disease | 10 (0.3) | 2 (20.0) | 0.822 | |
Chronic hematologic disease | 7 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.103# | |
AIDS/HIV | 7 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.103 | |
Dementia | 4 (0.1) | 1 (25.0) | 0.697# | |
Smoking | Smoker | 500 (12.4) | 53 (16.9) | 0.851 |
Non-smoker | 3543 (87.6) | 645 (17.3) |