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Table 3 Regulatory environment interactions and regulatory characteristics of OTCMS facilities across selected MDAs and rural–urban locations (n = 186)

From: Regulatory compliance among over-the-counter medicine sellers facilities within the Upper East Region of Ghana

Variables

Municipalities and districts (MDA’S) Facilitiesf

 

Location

 

BM (N = 25)

GT (N = 25)

KNW (N = 23)

KNM (N = 19)

Bo (N = 20)

P (N = 11)

BW (N = 11)

B (N = 52)

p-value

Urban (N = 101)

Rural (N = 85)

p-value

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

 

Premises characteristics

 State of repair

7 (28.0)

1 (4.0)

2 (8.7)

7 (36.8)

4 (20.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (27.3)

16 (30.8)

0.0026

31( 30.7)

9 (10.6)

0.001

 Durability of floor and ease of cleaning

14 (56.0)

6 (24.0)

10 (43.5)

13 (68.4)

3 (15.0)

2 (18.2)

3 (27.3)

33 (63.5)

 < 0.001

61 (60.4)

25 (27.1)

0.001

 Size of dispensing area appropriate

19 (76.0)

23 (92.0)

20 (87.0)

17 (89.5)

15 (75.0)

9 (81.9)

10 (90.9)

43 (82.7)

0.706

84 (83.2)

72 (84.7)

0.776

 Design of dispensing area appropriate

23 (92.0)

25 (100.0)

19 (82.6)

18 (94.7)

19 (95.0)

8 (72.7)

11 (100.0)

44 (84.6)

0.114

90 (89.1)

77 (90.6)

0.74

Staff characteristics

 Owner of facility available on premises

9 (36.0)

13 (52.0)

10 (43.5)

6 (31.6)

9 (45.0)

4 (36.4)

2 (18.2)

18 (36.4)

0.629

38 (37.6)

33 (38.8)

0.867

 Staff trained in less than a year

21 (84.0)

13 (52.0)

13 (56.5)

10 (52.6)

13 (65.0)

6 (54.6)

7 (63.6)

34 (65.4)

0.35

71 (70.3)

46 (54.1)

0.023

 Staff knowledge on regulatory lawa

0 (0.0)

1 (4.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (3.8)

0.34

2 (2.0)

1 (1.2)

0.586

Material and equipment characteristics

 Reference books available on premises

13 (52.0)

13 (52.0)

11 (47.8)

8 (42.1)

8 (40.0)

4 (36.4)

4 (36.4)

28 (53.8)

0.885

52 (51.5)

37 (43.5)

0.279

Practice-related characteristics

 Retention of supplier's invoices and receipts

17 (68.0)

10 (40.0)

18 (78.3)

9 (47.1)

11 (27.3)

3 (27.3)

5 (45.5)

39 (75.0)

0.005

69 (68.3)

37 (43.5)

0.002

 Appropriate signboard mounted

22 (88.0)

10 (40.0)

8 (34.8)

6 (31.6)

10 (50.0)

6 (54.5)

4 (36.4)

39 (75.0)

 < 0.001

68 (67.3)

37 (43.5)

0.002

 Stocking POM (Class A)

21 (84.0)

23 (92.0)

22 (95.7)

18 (94.7)

20 (100.0)

11 (100.0)

11 (100.0)

49 (94.2)

0.376

95 (94.1)

80 (94.1)

0.987

 Stocking Pharmacy medicines (Class B)

25 (100.0)

25 (100.0)

23 (100.0)

19 (100.0)

20 (100.0)

11 (100.0)

11 (100.0)

52 (100.0)

 

101 (100.0)

85 (100.0)

 

 Stocking of non-drug items (e.g., Cotton)

22 (88.0)

19 (76.0)

18 (78.3)

16 (84.2)

19 (95.0)

7 (63.6)

10 (90.9)

51 (98.1)

0.019

92 (91.1)

70 (82.4)

0.077

 Stocking of household items

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 Stocking of herbal remedies

18 (72.0)

16 (64.0)

17 (73.9)

14 (73.7)

19 (95.0)

10 (90.9)

8 (72.7)

36 (69.2)

0.313

80 (79.2)

58 (68.2)

0.088

Frequency of regulatory visits

 Regulatory visit in less than a year

2 (8.0)

2 (8.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (18.2)

37 (71.2)

 < 0.001

36 (35.6)

7 (8.2)

0.001

 No regulatory visits

1 (4.0)

5 (20.0)

4 (17.4)

0 (0.0)

7 (35.0)

2 (18.2)

0 (0.0)

5 (9.6)

 < 0.001

6 (5.9)

18 (21.2)

0.001

Regulatory interactions

 Ever received prior notificationb

22 (88.0)

8 (32.0)

13 (56.5)

12 (63.2)

10 (50.0)

5 (45.5)

1 (9.1)

27 (51.9)

 < 0.001

62 (61.4)

36 (42.4)

0.01

 Prior knowledge of identityc

10 (40.0)

3 (12.0)

12 (52.2)

7 (36.8)

8 (40.0)

1 (9.1)

13 (25.0)

58 (31.2)

0.043

36 (35.6)

22 (25.9)

0.152

 Establishing close relationships importantd

19 (76.0)

21 (84.0)

21 (91.3)

19 (100.0)

19 (95.0)

8 (72.7)

8 (72.7)

41 (78.8)

0.159

84 (83.2)

72 (84.7)

0.776

 Ever contributed in cash or kinde

16 (64.0)

8 (32.0)

9 (39.1)

7 (36.8)

10 (50.0)

5 (45.5)

0 (0.0)

9 (17.3)

0.001

31 (30.7)

33 (38.8)

0.245

  1. aIncludes staff who could correctly name the Health Professions Regulatory Bodies Act, Act 857, 2013 as the main legislation that governs pharmacy practice
  2. bIncludes staff who had ever received prior notification before regulatory visits by Inspecting Pharmacists either through Pharmacy Council staff, the staff of other OTCMS facilities or any other means
  3. cIncludes staff who had ever known the identity/name of the Inspection Officer assigned for routine checks before the arrival of that particular officer
  4. dIncludes staff who thought it was important to establish a close relationship/rapport with Inspecting Officers/other Pharmacy Council staff/Pharmacy Council Office for various reasons
  5. eIncludes staff who had ever made any contribution or donation in cash/kind either directly or through other(s) to Inspecting Officers/Pharmacy Council staff/Pharmacy Council Office to establish relationships or for any other reason
  6. fIncludes all selected MDA’S: BM, Bawku Municipal; GT, Garu-Tempane; KNW, Kassena Nankana West; KNM, Kassena Nankana Municipal; Bo, Bongo; P, Pusiga; BW, Bawku west district
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Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

ISSN: 2052-3211

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