Table 3 Drug-related problems among participants at Mettu Karl Referral Hospital, 2019

P

Problem

P1

Treatment effectiveness

P1.1

No effect of drug treatment

P1.2

Effect of drug treatment not optimal

P1.3

Untreated symptoms or indication

P2

Treatment safety

P2.1

Adverse drug event (possibly) occurring

P3

Other

P3.1

Problem with cost-effectiveness of the treatment

P3.2

Unnecessary drug treatment

C

Cause

C1

Drug selection

C1.1

Inappropriate drug according to guidelines/formulary

C1.2

Inappropriate drug (within guidelines but otherwise contra-indicated)

C1.3

No indication for drug

C1.4

Inappropriate combination of drugs

C1.5

Inappropriate duplication of therapeutic group or active ingredient

C1.6

No or incomplete drug treatment in spite of existing indication

C2

Drug form

C3

Dose selection

C3.1

Drug dose too low

C3.2

Drug dose too high

C3.3

Dosage regimen not frequent enough

C3.4

Dosage regimen too frequent

C3.5

Dose timing instructions wrong, unclear or missing

C4

Treatment duration

C4.1

Duration of treatment too short

C4.2

Duration of treatment too long

C5

Dispensing

C5.1

Prescribed drug not available

C5.2

Necessary information not provided

C6

Drug use process

C6.1

Inappropriate timing of administration or dosing intervals

C6.2

Drug under-administered

C6.3

Drug over-administered

C6.4

Drug not administered at all

C7

Patient related

C7.1

Patient uses/takes less drug than prescribed or does not take the drug at all

C7.2

Patient uses/takes more drug than prescribed

C7.4

Patient uses unnecessary drug

C7.6

Patient stores drug inappropriately

C7.7

Inappropriate timing or dosing intervals

C7.8

Patient administers/uses the drug in a wrong way

C7.9

Patient unable to use drug/form as directed

I

Interventions

I1

At prescriber level

I1.1

Prescriber informed only

I1.2

Prescriber asked for information

I1.3

Intervention proposed to prescriber

I1.4

Intervention discussed with prescriber

I2

At patient level

I2.1

Patient (drug) counseling

I2.3

Patient referred to prescriber

I2.4

Spoken to family member/caregiver

I3

At drug level

I3.1

Drug change

I3.2

Dosage change

I3.4

Instructions for use change

I3.5

Drug pause or stop

I3.6

Drug start

A1

Intervention acceptance

A1.1

Intervention accepted and fully implemented

A1.2

Intervention accepted, partially implemented

A1.3

Intervention accepted but not implemented

A2

Intervention not accepted

A2.1

Intervention not accepted: not feasible

A2.2

Intervention not accepted: no agreement

O

Outcome of intervention

O1.1

Problem totally solved

O2.1

Problem partially solved

O3.2

Problem not solved, lack of cooperation of prescriber

O3.4

No need or possibility to solve problem