Table 1 Study characteristics
From: Geographical accessibility of medicines: a systematic literature review of pharmacy mapping
Author | Title | Country | Year | Objective | Type of pharmacies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ikram et al | Disparities in spatial accessibility of pharmacies in Baton Rouge, Louisiana | Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States | 2015 | Examine the geographic variability in accessibility Identify possible “pharmacy deserts” in the study area | – |
Emmerick et al | Farmácia Popular Program (FPP): changes in geographic accessibility of medicines during ten years of a medicine subsidy policy in Brazil | Brazil | 2015 | Describe historical stages of FPP Identify associated changes in geographic accessibility of medicines through FPP over time | Public and private |
Qato et al | ‘Pharmacy Deserts’ Are Prevalent In Chicago’s Predominantly Minority Communities, Raising Medication Access Concerns | Chicago, United States | 2014 | Examine whether access to pharmacies varied across Chicago communities based on their racial or ethnic composition | Community pharmacy defined as pharmacy licensed to dispense prescription to public |
Todd et al | Access all areas? An area-level analysis of accessibility to general practice and community pharmacy services in England by urbanity and social deprivation | England | 2015 | Determine the percentage of population in England that has access to a GP within 20 min walk Compare accessibility of GP premises to that of a community pharmacy and how that varies by urbanity and social deprivation | – |
Todd et al | Cutting care clusters: the creation of an inverse pharmacy care law? An area-level analysis exploring the clustering of community pharmacies in England | England | 2018 | Explore the clustering of community pharmacies in England and Determine the relationship between community pharmacy clustering, urbanity and deprivation | – |
Lin et al | Access to Community Pharmacies by the Elderly in Illinois: a Geographic Information Systems Analysis | Illinois, United States | 2004 | Examine the current geographic accessibility to community pharmacies by the elderly in Illinois and Compare the accessibility in urban and rural areas | – |
Domnich et al | Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach | Liguria, Italy | 2016 | Explore the spatial accessibility to pharmacies in Liguria from the perspective of local characteristics Identify disparities and their sources | – |
Padeiro et al | Geographical accessibility to community pharmacies by the elderly in metropolitan Lisbon | Lisbon-Metropolitan Area, Portugal | 2017 | Measure geographical pedestrian accessibility to community pharmacies by elderly people in the Lisbon | – |
Casey et al | Pharmacv Services in Rural Areas: is the Problem Geographic Access or Financial Access? | Minnesota, South Dakota and North Dakota, US | 2002 | Analyze the extent to which problems with access to pharmacy services exist in rural areas of three states | Private |
Amstislavski et al | Medication deserts: survey of neighborhood disparities in availability of prescription medications | New York, United States | 2012 | Characterize medication access at the community level | 74% Independent 26% chain |
Norris et al | Geographical access to community pharmacies in New Zealand | New Zealand | 2014 | Explore pharmacy numbers and location changes in NZ and assess its impact on people with poor access to pharmacy services | – |
Law et al | The geographic accessibility of pharmacies in Nova Scotia | Nova Scotia, Canada | 2013 | Identify current geographic distribution of pharmacies in Nova Scotia Study the impact of closures have on the access to pharmacies | Private |
Law et al | Geographic Accessibility of Community Pharmacies in Ontario | Ontario, Canada | 2011 | Study current state of geographic access to pharmacies and Simulate impact of possible closures | – |
Pednekar et al | Mapping pharmacy deserts and determining accessibility to community pharmacy services for elderly enrolled in a State Pharmaceutical Assistance Program | Pennsylvania, United States | 2018 | Identify pharmacy deserts in Pennsylvania for elderly enrolled in a State Pharmaceutical Assistance Program | Private, Community pharmacy defined as pharmacy licensed to dispense prescription to public |
Rushworth et al | A cross-sectional survey of the access of older people in the Scottish Highlands to general medical practices, community pharmacies and prescription medicines | Scottish highland | 2017 | Quantify issues of access to GPs, community pharmacies and prescribed medicine in older people | – |
Chisholm Burns et al | Evaluation of racial and socioeconomic disparities in medication pricing and pharmacy access and services | Shelby county, Memphis, Tennessee, United States | 2017 | Determine if there are racial and socioeconomic disparities in community pharmacy access, drug pricing, and services | – |
Ward et al | Assessing equity in the geographical distribution of community pharmacies in South Africa in preparation for a national health insurance scheme | South Africa | 2013 | Examine the ownership and geographical distribution of community pharmacies between 1994 and 2001 | Private |
Qato et al | Pharmacy Accessibility and Cost-Related Underuse of Prescription Medications in Low-Income Black and Hispanic Urban Communities | South Side Chicago, United States | 2017 | Examine the association between pharmacy accessibility, utilization and cost-related underuse of prescription medications among residents of predominantly low-income, Black and Hispanic urban communities | – |
Sabde et al | Mapping private pharmacies and their characteristics in Ujjain district, Central India | Ujjain district, Madhya Pradesh, India | 2011 | Survey pharmacies and map them on GIS to study their location, rural–urban distribution and Study their relationship to roadways and healthcare providers | Private |
Qato et al | The availability of pharmacies in the United States: 2007–2015 | United States | 2017 | Examine the trends in availability of community pharmacies and pharmacy characteristics associated with access to prescription medicines | Public and Private |