Table 4 Drug utilization pattern in study participants (ATC level 1–4)
From: Drug utilization patterns among elderly hospitalized patients on poly-pharmacy in Punjab, Pakistan
Drug Utilization pattern (%a) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | n | % | Level 2 | n | % | Level 3 | n | % | Level 4 | n | % |
A | 480 | 80 | A01: Stomatological preparations | 120 | 20 | A01A: Stomatological preparations | 120 | 20 | A01AB: Anti-infectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment | 120 | 20 |
A02: Drugs for acid related disorders | 387 | 64.5 | A02B: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD | 382 | 63.7 | A02BA: H2-receptor antagonists | 60 | 10 | |||
A02BC: Proton pump inhibitors | 309 | 51.5 | |||||||||
A03: Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders | 129 | 21.5 | A03F: Propulsives | 116 | 19.3 | A03FA: Propulsives | 116 | 19.3 | |||
A10: Drugs used in diabetes | 117 | 19.5 | A10B: Blood glucose lowering drugs | 72 | 12 | A10BB: Sulfonylureas | 53 | 8.8 | |||
B | 56 | 9.3 | B01: Antithrombotic agents | 26 | 4.3 | B01A: Antithrombotic agents | 26 | 4.3 | B01AC: Platelet aggregation inhibitors | 23 | 3.8 |
B05: Blood substitutes | 27 | 4.5 | B05B:I.v. solutions | 27 | 4.5 | B05BC: Osmotic diuresis | 27 | 4.5 | |||
C | 290 | 48.3 | C03: Diuretics | 75 | 12.5 | C03C: High-ceiling diuretics | 68 | 11.3 | C03CA: Sulfonamides, plain | 68 | 11.3 |
C07: Beta blocking agents | 119 | 19.8 | C07A: Beta blocking agents | 119 | 19.8 | C07AB: Beta blocking agents, selective | 62 | 10.3 | |||
C08: Calcium channel blockers | 99 | 16.5 | C08C: Selective calcium channel blockers | 91 | 15.2 | C08CA: Dihydropyridine derivatives | 91 | 15.2 | |||
C10: Lipid modifying agents | 99 | 16.5 | C10A: Lipid modifying agents, plain | 97 | 16.2 | C10AA: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 97 | 16.2 | |||
D | 36 | 6 | D07: Corticosteroids | 41 | 6.8 | D07A: Corticosteroids, plain | 41 | 6.8 | D07AA: Corticosteroids, weak (group I) | 30 | 5 |
G | 3 | 0.5 | G04: Urologicals | 4 | 0.7 | G04C: Drugs used in BPH | 2 | 0.3 | G04CA: Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists | 2 | 0.3 |
H | 36 | 6 | H01: Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones | 31 | 5.2 | H01C: Hypothalamic hormones | 31 | 5.2 | H01CB: Somatostatin and analogues | 31 | 5.2 |
J | 373 | 62.2 | J01: Antibacterials for systemic use | 495 | 82.5 | J01D: Other beta-lactam antibacterials | 266 | 44.3 | J01DD: 3rd-generation cephalosporins | 255 | 42.5 |
J01Â M: Quinolone antibacterials | 68 | 11.3 | J01MA: Fluoroquinolones | 68 | 11.3 | ||||||
J04: Antimycobacterials | 92 | 15.3 | J04A: Drugs for tuberculosis | 92 | 15.3 | J04AK: Other drugs | 48 | 8 | |||
L | 13 | 2.2 | L01: Antineoplastic agents | 17 | 2.8 | L01B: Antimetabolites | 04 | 0.7 | L01BA: Folic acid analogues | 03 | 0.5 |
M | 184 | 30.7 | M01: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products | 188 | 31.3 | M01A: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 188 | 31.3 | M01AB: Acetic acid derivatives | 159 | 26.5 |
N | 398 | 66.3 | N02: Analgesics | 403 | 67.2 | N02B: Other analgesics and antipyretics | 359 | 59.8 | N02BE: Anilides | 305 | 50.8 |
N03: Antiepileptics | 67 | 11.2 | N03A: Antiepileptics | 67 | 11.2 | N03AX: Other antiepileptics | 32 | 5.3 | |||
P | 12 | 2 | P01: Antiprotozoals | 13 | 2.2 | P01B: Antimalarials | 12 | 2 | P01BF: Artemisinin and derivatives | 9 | 1.5 |
R | 182 | 30.3 | R01: Nasal preparations | 84 | 14 | R01A: Decongestants and other | 84 | 14 | R01AD: Corticosteroids | 61 | 10.2 |
R03: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases | 113 | 18.8 | R03A: Adrenergics, inhalants | 86 | 14.3 | R03AC: Selective beta-2 agonists | 43 | 7.2 | |||
R06: Antihistamines for systemic use | 67 | 11.2 | R06A: Antihistamines for systemic use | 67 | 11.2 | R06AA: Aminoalkyl ethers | 46 | 7.7 | |||
V | 4 | 0.7 | V03: Other therapeutic products | 6 | 1 | V03A: Other therapeutic products | 6 | 1 | V03AB: Antidotes | 6 | 1 |