Table 1 Characteristics of the relevant studies used
Number | Author(s) | Year published | Country | Study design | Aims/objectives of study | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hippisley-Cox et al. | 2020 | England | Original Article | This study aimed at seeing whether patients who were prescribed ACEIs and ARBs would be more at risk of contracting COVID-19 severely and whether they would need to be hospitalised in the ICU | This study showed that some patients who have diabetes also take ACEIs or ARBs. But, with these medications, it showed no negative impact on COVID-19 and even led to results indicating a reduced risk of COVID-19. It also showed a link between how patients of differing ethnic minorities had differing effects to COVID-19 disease whilst being on ACEIs/ARBs |
2 | Sattar et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom | Original Article | This paper wanted to express if there was a link between BMI (High BMI risk factor of diabetes) and possible risk of COVID-19 related deaths | This study found that patients who were non-white and had a higher BMI tended to be more strongly linked with COVID-19 deaths |
3 | Rezende et al. | 2020 | Brazil | Original Article | This study aimed to identify people from the population who would be at a great risk of having severe COVID-19 | This study showed that people who had diabetes, and other risk factors (hypertension, age, etc.) were more likely to have severe COVID-19 |
4 | Zakeri et al. | 2020 | England (London) | Original Article | This study wanted to examine whether ethnic profile leads to an increase in severe COVID-19 or in-hospital mortality | The key findings are that Black and mixed ethnicities are at greater risk of contracting severe COVID-19, but it does not increase in-hospital stay. Socioeconomic factors may be why there is a greater risk to patients of ethnic backgrounds |
5 | Ho et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom | Original Article | This study aimed to show the different factors in which it can be explained that ethnic minorities have worse prognosis to severe COVID-19 | The key finding that can be suggested from this is that lifestyle can affect prognosis of COVID-19 as well as other clinical factors. A maintenance of good lifestyle is shown to reduce the risk of contracting a severe form of the virus |
6 | Selden and Berdahl et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | This study aimed to show the possible link between racial/ethnic disparities seen in COVID-19 | It was found that black people who lived in households with keyworkers were 1.6 times more likely to contract severe COVID-19 and with Hispanics, it showed that there was a higher percentage than black people or white people to have a severe form of the virus with someone in the household who cannot work from home |
7 | McGurnaghan et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Original Article | To ascertain the cumulative risk of fatal or critical care unit-treated COVID-19 in people with diabetes, compared with people without diabetes, and to investigate risk factors for fatal or critical care unit-treated COVID-19 among diabetic individuals | Overall risks of fatal or critical care unit-treated COVID-19 were substantially elevated in those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the background population |
8 | Holman et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom (England) | Original Article | To ascertain the associations between risk factors (hyperglycaemia and obesity etc.) and COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes was assessed | Deaths in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes rose sharply during the initial COVID-19 pandemic in England. Increased COVID-19-related mortality was associated independently with glycaemic control and BMI |
9 | Hamer et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom | Original Article | To examine the prospective association of diabetes and glycaemic control with COVID-19 hospitalisation in a large community-based cohort study | It was established that higher levels of A1C within the normal range were a risk factor for COVID-19 |
10 | Akbariqomi et al. | 2020 | Iran | Original Article | To describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics along with outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without diabetes | COVID-19 patients with diabetes had more co-morbidities, are at a higher risk of complications and had a higher in-hospital mortality than non-diabetic patients |
11 | Bramante et al. | 2020 | America | Original Article | To identify whether metformin reduced COVID-19-related mortality and whether sex-specific interactions exist | Metformin was significantly associated with reduced mortality in women with obesity or type 2 diabetes who were admitted to hospital for COVID-19 |
12 | Lassale et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom | Original Article | To examine the role of socioeconomic, mental health, and pro-inflammatory factors in a community-based sample. This is because the differentials in COVID-19 hospitalisations and mortality according to ethnicity has uncertain origins | There were clear ethnic differences in the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation but, these were not fully explained by measured factors |
14 | Sheshah et al. | 2020 | Saudi Arabia | Original Article | To characterize comorbidities and associated risk factors with mortality among hospitalized adults with COVID-19 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was the most common comorbidity in COVID-19 patients. The male gender and South Asian ethnicity were significant comorbidities and dexamethasone improved outcomes |
13 | Goldman et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom | Original Article | To describe the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis in individuals admitted to a single centre with COVID-19 | It was concluded that diabetic ketoacidosis is common and severe in individuals hospitalised with COVID-19 |
14 | Chan et al. | 2020 | America | Original Article | To explore the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients presenting with combined diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state | The data showed that diabetic patients are at risk of developing combined diabetic ketoacidosis & hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state, which is associated with COVID-19 and a substantial mortality |
15 | Wang et al. | 2020 | China | Original Article | To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of NCIP | Within this study the presumed hospital-related transmission of 2019-nCoV was suspected in 41% of patients, 26% of patients received ICU care, and mortality was 4.3% |
16 | Guan et al. | 2020 | China | Original Article | To evaluate the risk of serious adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 by stratifying the comorbidity status | There is a correlation between a greater number of comorbidities with poor clinical outcomes. Patients with any comorbidity yielded poorer clinical outcomes than those without |
17 | Martin et al. | 2020 | England | Original Article | To investigate whether minority ethnicity and occupational factors influence anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence in hospital staff | Ethnicity and occupational factors, including specialty and seniority, are associated with seropositivity for anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgG. These findings could be used to inform occupational risk assessments for front-line healthcare workers |
18 | Harrison et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | To determine associations between comorbidities listed in the Charlson comorbidity index and mortality among patients in the United States with COVID-19 | Identifying patient characteristics and conditions associated with mortality with COVID-19 is important for hypothesis generating for clinical trials and to develop targeted intervention strategies |
19 | Shah et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | To describe the demographics, and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in rural Southwest Georgia | Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in rural US have higher comorbidity burden. Immunosuppression, hypertension, age ≥ 65 years, and morbid obesity are independent predictors of increased mortality. Female gender is an independent predictor of reduced mortality |
20 | Best et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | To describe baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of US patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and pulmonary involvement | Compared with white patients, African American patients were younger, with higher BMI, higher prevalence of concurrent diabetes, and lower prevalence of COPD and smoking/tobacco use |
21 | Prado-Galbarro et al. | 2020 | Mexico | Original Article | To evaluate the association of chronic diseases and indigenous ethnicity on the poor prognosis of outpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and hospitalised patients in Mexico | Diabetes, hypertension, and obesity combined with older age, male sex and indigenous ethnicity increase the risk of death after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Mexican population |
22 | Castelnuovo et al. | 2020 | Italy | Original Article | To investigate factors that predispose patients to a higher in-hospital death risk at 30 Italian clinical centres, using data from the CORIST Collaboration | Factors that pre-disposed patients to a higher risk of in-hospital death (in Italy) included impaired renal function, elevated levels of CRP and advanced age |
23 | Palaiodimos et al. | 2020 | USA (New York) | Original Article | To investigate if obesity is associated with worse in-hospital outcomes for patients To assess and present the clinical characteristics and early outcomes of patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to a large tertiary academic centre | In hospital mortality was 24%, and after a 21-dy follow up only 3% of patients were still hospitalised Factors that were independently associated with mortality requiring intubation included severe obesity, increasing age, and male sex Factors that were independently associated with increasing oxygen requirements during hospitalisation included severe obesity, increasing age, male sex and smoking |
24 | Lusignan et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom | Original Article | To identify demographic and clinical risk factors for testing positive for SARS-COV-2 within a primary care surveillance programme | Risk factors that increased the odds of a positive SARS-COV-2 test included increasing age, male sex, increasing deprivation, urban location, and black ethnicity Clinical risk factors that were independently associated with a positive SARS-COV-2 test included chronic kidney disease and increased BMI |
25 | Bhatti et al. | 2020 | Dubai, UAE | Original Article | To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes that were admitted to a Dubai hospital for treatment of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 | Patients that have diabetes that are male, part of the BAME population, and that other comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease are at a higher risk of developing severe outcomes associated with COVID-19 |
26 | Richardson et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the US health care system | In the study patients that were hospitalised from COVID-19 were mostly men, older people, or those with diabetes or hypertension. Out of the patients that were younger than 20Â years, none of them died. The mortality rate was lower in females compared to males for every 10-year age interval above 20Â years |
27 | Zhou et al. | 2020 | China | Original Article | To explore risk factors of in-hospital mortality and describe the clinical course of symptoms, viral shedding, and temporal changes of laboratory findings during hospitalisation | Increased age was associated with death in COVID-19 patients. Higher SOFA score, increased d-dimer levels at admission and older age were the risk factors for mortality in adult COVID-19 patients |
28 | Petrilli et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | To describe outcomes of people admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in the USA, and the clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with severity of illness | The majority of people admitted to hospital were men and were more likely to have comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Age and comorbidities are predictors of requirement for hospital admission instead of outpatient admission. Markers of inflammation and oxygen impairment has been linked to poor outcomes in hospital admission |
29 | Chen et al. | 2020 | China (Wuhan) | Original Article | To describe the outcomes and clinical characteristics of patients with diabetes in whom COVID-19 has been confirmed or clinically diagnosed, and their association with glucose-lowering or blood pressure–lowering medications | Elevated C-reactive protein and old age were risk factors for higher mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Usage of insulin has been associated with poor prognosis |
30 | Alguwaihes et al. | 2020 | Saudi Arabia | Original Article | To find more information on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with or without diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia | Hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Riyadh had a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients had increased mortality. Old age, smoking, congestive heart failure, use of β-blockers, elevated creatinine and severe vitamin D deficiency have been linked to fatality in these patients |
31 | Fox et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | To investigate the relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 mainly in the African American population | Patients with diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 had poorer outcomes and more severe disease. Age was associated with mortality. There was no difference in outcomes and severity of disease when comparing African American patients with non-African American patients |
32 | Ioannou et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | The study aimed to find the risks associated with hospitalization, mortality and mechanical ventilation whilst having SARS-CoV-2 | In the cohort of veterans that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, hospitalisation, mortality, and mechanical ventilation was higher |
33 | Gu et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | What are the sociodemographic risk factors of COVID-19 and do they differ by ethnicity or race | There is a racial disparity with COVID-19 that cannot be explained even with controlling sex, age, comorbidity score, socioeconomic status to which target interventions to support higher risk populations are needed |
34 | Ebinger et al. | 2020 | USA | Original Article | The study aimed to find the clinical characteristics and the demographic associated with the increased severity of COVID-19 | In the UK health care system, there is a greater severity of COVID-19 in patients who are African, older, male, obese, American, with diabetes and with overall greater comorbidity burden |
35 | Clark et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom | Original Article | The risk of getting COVID-19 is higher in people who are older and who have underlying health conditions so understanding the figures between each country should help give provide a strategy to help shield or vaccinate those | People with underlying health condition have a 1 in 5 chance of developing severe COVID-19 should they get it |
36 | Atkins et al. | 2020 | United Kingdom | Original Article | The study looks at whether being older, having hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes are true risk factors of getting COVID-19 | People who are older have higher risk comorbidities to increase the risk of getting COVID-19 rather than it being simply age-related |
37 | Haywood et al. | 2020 | USA (Louisiana) | Original Article | To compare the clinical characteristics and hospital course of laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 amongst black non-Hispanic and white non-Hispanic subpopulations in Louisiana | Blacks represented the majority of all COVID-19 positive patients, and had higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease than white patients A larger percentage of black patients has elevated levels of creatinine, AST or inflammatory markers than white patients Increased odds of hospital admission were associated with black race, increasing age, a higher score on the Charlson comorbidity Index, public insurance, residence in a low-income area, and obesity The risk of in-hospital death is associated with age, respiratory rate, and several biomarkers (levels of venous lactate, creatinine, procalcitonin and platelet count) |
38 | Soares et al. | 2020 | Brazil | Original Article | To analyse the relationship of clinical factors, comorbidities and demographic characteristics against hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 | Factors that increased the risk of hospitalisation include older age, male gender, Asian, indigenous, or unknown race, all comorbidities (smoking, kidney disease, obesity, pulmonary disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), fever and shortness of breath Factors that increased death outcomes for hospitalised patients included older age and shortness of breath |
39 | Yan et al. | 2020 | China (Wuhan) | Original Article | To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with severe COVID-19 with diabetes mellitus, and the association of diabetes with the outcomes in patients that have severe COVID-19 | Patients with severe COVID-19 and diabetes are more likely to receive admission to the ICU and have a higher mortality Severe inflammatory response was seen in patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes Diabetes is a risk factor for death for patients with severe COVID-19 |
40 | Sardu et al. | 2020 | Italy | Original Article | To investigate whether poor glycaemic control was associated with poor outcomes and whether early optimal glycaemic control along with hospitalisation reduces plasma IL-6 and D-dimer levels, therefore improving the outcomes for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 | Optimal glycaemic control during hospitalisation has been associated with a reduced risk of severe disease and death in patients with COVID-19 Patients who were hyperglycaemic showed a higher incidence of severe disease and higher levels of IL-6 compared to patients that were normoglycemic Patients with hyperglycaemia who developed severe disease presented higher D-dimer levels compared to those with normoglycemia |