Table 1 The classification of DRPs, adapted from the Cipolle Strand Morley 2012 criteria [16]

Unnecessary use of products as part of the therapy

Products (such as drugs, herbs, or supplements) are unnecessarily used as part of the therapy, as the patient does not have a related clinical indication at the time

Need for additional drug therapy

Specific drug therapy is required to effectively treat or prevent a medical condition in the patient, but the patient does not receive this therapy at the time

Ineffective drug

The drug product fails to produce the desired response in the patient

Dosage too low

The dosage is too low to produce the desired response in the patient

Adverse reaction

The product is causing an adverse drug events in the patient

Dosage too high

The dosage is too high, resulting in undesirable effects being experienced by the patient

Nonadherence

The patient is not able or willing to take the drug therapy as intended

Drug interactions

The patient has a medical condition as a result of a drug–drug or a drug–food interaction