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Table 2 Assessment of risk of bias for the studies included in the review

From: Healthcare-associated infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of point prevalence studies

Author name and year

Selection

Comparability

Outcomes

Quality score

Quality scale

Representatives of sample

Sample size

Non-respondents

Ascertainment of exposure

Based on design and analysis

Assessment of outcomes

Statistical test

Labi et al., 2019 [23]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

Ketata et al., 2021 [29]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

Bunduki et al., 2021 [32]

*

NA

**

*

**

*

7

Good

Abubakar Usman [22]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

Chiguer et al., 2018 [28]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

Yallew et al., 2016 [31]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

Ahoyo et al., 2014 [4]

*

*

NA

**

*

5

Moderate

Jamoussi et al., 2018 [27]

*

NA

*

*

*

4

Moderate

Mpinda-Joseph et al., 2019 [21]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

7

Good

Nair et al., 2018 [20]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

Olivier et al., 2018 [19]

*

NA

**

2

Low

Ayed et al., 2019 [26]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

Mahjoub et al., 2015 [25]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

7

Good

Razine et al., 2012 [24]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

Greco and Magombe, 2011 [30]

*

*

NA

**

*

**

*

8

Good

  1. NA not applicable