Table 5 Factors associated with antibiotics usage among COVID-19 during hospitalization

Age (years)

 ≤ 65

1.00

 > 65

3.56

2.78, 4.53

96.42 (1)

 < 0.001

–

–

–

–

Gender

Female

1.00

1.00

Male

1.35

1.13, 1.61

11.03 (1)

0.001

1.53

1.20, 1.96

11.91 (1)

0.001

Smoking Status

Non-smoker

1.00

Smoker

1.16

0.91, 1.48

1.47 (1)

0.225

–

–

–

–

Comorbidity

260.9 (2)

 < 0.001

4.65 (2)

0.098

No comorbidity

1.00

1.00

1 comorbidity

2.94

2.40, 3.61

106.8 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

1.36

1.03, 1.79

4.91 (1)^b

0.031^b

 ≥ 2 comorbidities

4.95

4.03, 6.08

232.2 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

1.09

0.80, 1.49

0.41 (1)^b

0.576 ^b

Worst case classification

1179.8 (4)

 < 0.001

98.45 (4)

 < 0.001

Stage 1

1.00

1.00

Stage 2

11.91

6.85, 20.72

77.04 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

6.50

3.61, 11.69

38.93 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

Stage 3

27.14

15.67, 47.03

138.6 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

4.07

2.11, 7.84

17.64 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

Stage 4

138.14

77.59, 245.9

280.4 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

10.38

5.08, 21.19

41.27 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

Stage 5

1356.93

605.6, 3040.6

307.0 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

37.06

13.04, 105.3

44.96 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

White blood cell

80.70 (2)

 < 0.001

25.35 (2)

 < 0.001

Normal range

1.00

Out of normal range

3.05

2.38, 3.93

75.72 (1)

 < 0.001^b

1.23

0.76, 1.97

0.35 (1)^b

0.555^b

Not tested

0.65

0.47, 0.91

6.45 (1)

0.011^b

0.19

0.09, 0.37

21.93 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

Platelets

24.91 (2)

 < 0.001

–

–

–

–

Normal range

1.00

Out of normal range

1.58

1.24, 2.01

13.55 (1)

 < 0.001^b

Not tested

0.61

0.44, 0.85

8.49 (1)

0.004^b

Neutrophils

109.0 (2)

 < 0.001

14.81 (2)

0.001

Normal range

1.00

1.00

Out of normal range

3.48

2.78, 4.35

119.3 (1)

 < 0.001^b

2.31

1.51, 3.53

15.34 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

Not tested

1.29

1.00, 1.66

3.95 (1)

0.047^b

1.18

0.34, 4.33

0.06 (1)^b

0.803^b

Lymphocytes

40.81 (2)

 < 0.001

10.88 (2)

0.004

Normal range

1.00

1.00

Out of normal range

3.34

2.33, 4.69

44.63 (1)

 < 0.001^b

2.04

1.18, 3.51

6.47 (1)^b

0.011^b

Not tested

1.14

0.88, 1.47

7.01 (1)

0.317^b

4.21

1.08, 16.38

3.53 (1)^b

0.060^b

C-reactive protein

439.9 (2)

 < 0.001

57.26 (2)

 < 0.001

Normal range

1.00

1.00

Out of normal range

14.49

11.12, 18.87

392.5 (1)

 < 0.001^b

3.34

2.33, 4.78

48.38 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

Not tested

3.46

2.83, 4.22

148.6 (1)

 < 0.001^b

2.32

1.75, 3.08

45.69 (1)^b

 < 0.001^b

Duration of hospitalization

246.2 (3)

 < 0.001

52.91 (1)

 < 0.001

7 days or less

1.00

1.00

8 to 11 days

1.62

1.20, 2.19

9.97

0.002

1.89

1.26, 2.86

9.25 (1)

0.002

12- 16 days

3.01

2.26, 4.01

56.47

 < 0.001

2.59

1.74, 3.86

21.76 (1)

 < 0.001

17 days or more

6.10

4.64, 8.03

167.1

 < 0.001

3.81

2.57, 5.67

44.16 (1)

 < 0.001

Use of anti-viral agents

Not administered

1.00

Administered

22.77

18.51, 28.02

1121.9 (1)

 < 0.001

6.38

4.68, 8.70

150.5 (1)

 < 0.001

Use of anti-malarial agents

Not administered

1.00

Administered

6.46

5.27, 7.92

408.78 (1)

 < 0.001

1.63

1.19, 2.25

9.35 (1)

0.002

Use of anti-fungal agents

Not administered

1.00

Administered

20.27

10.09, 40.74

96.02 (1)

 < 0.001

–

–

–

–

Corticosteroid therapy

Not administered

1.00

1.00

Administered

38.70

22.73, 65.91

306.6 (1)

 < 0.001

3.05

1.48, 6.25

10.15 (1)

0.001

ICU/HDU admission

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

71.41

42.45, 120.1

558.3 (1)

 < 0.001

2.73

1.34, 5.58

8.05 (1)

0.005

Oxygen therapy

No

0.00

Yes

22.29

17.71, 28.05

799.9 (1)

 < 0.001

–

–

–

–