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Table 4 Antibiotics and related treatments for COVID-19 patients during admission and hospitalization

From: The landscape of antibiotic usage among COVID-19 patients in the early phase of pandemic: a Malaysian national perspective

Variable

Admission, n (%)

n = 524a

Hospitalization, n (%)

n = 690a

Number of antibiotic prescribed per patient

1

430 (82.1)

467 (67.7)

2

69 (13.2)

116 (16.8)

3

16 (3.1)

52 (7.5)

4

5 (1.0)

24 (3.5)

5

2 (0.4)

15 (2.3)

6

0 (0.0)

11 (1.6)

7

1 (0.2)

1 (0.1)

8

1 (0.2)

2 (0.3)

9

0 (0.0)

2 (0.3)

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

1 (0.2)

4 (0.4)

Moxifloxacin

1 (0.2)

1 (0.1)

Cephalosporins

Fourth generation: cefepime

12 (1.8)

49 (4.3)

Third generation: ceftriaxone

81 (12.3)

139 (12.3)

Third generation: cefoperazone

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

Third generation: ceftazidime

6 (0.9)

16 (1.4)

Second generation: cefuroxime

5 (0.8)

11 (1.0)

First generation: cephalexin

1 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

First generation: cefazolin

1 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

Macrolides

Erythromycin

3 (0.5)

3 (0.3)

 

Azithromycin

64 (9.7)

94 (8.3)

Glycopeptides

Vancomycin

4 (0.6)

20 (1.8)

Polymyxins

Colistin

2 (0.3)

19 (1.7)

Polymyxin B

1 (0.2)

10 (0.9)

Β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

375 (56.7)

428 (37.8)

Piperacillin/tazobactam

53 (8.0)

151 (13.3)

Ampicillin/sulbactam

16 (2.4)

43 (3.8)

Penicillin

Amoxicillin

3 (0.5)

6 (0.5)

Cloxacillin

7 (1.1)

19 (1.7)

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

2 (0.3)

9 (0.8)

Lincosamides

Clindamycin

2 (0.3)

4 (0.4)

Co-trimoxazole

 

4 (0.6)

16 (1.4)

Carbapenem

Imipenem

0 (0.0)

4 (0.4)

Meropenem

12 (1.8)

79 (7.0)

Nitroimidazoles

Metronidazole

4 (0.6)

4 (0.4)

Corticosteroid usage (n = 4043)

 

–

124 (3.1)

Oxygen therapy (n = 4043)

Non-invasive

221 (5.4)

324 (8.0)

Invasive

50 (1.2)

135 (3.3)

  1. aTotal number of patients prescribed antibiotic(s)