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Table.2 Unintended discrepancies

From: Value of pharmacy services upon admission to an orthopedic surgery unit

Variable

Frequency (percentage)

N = 110

Unintended discrepancies by type

 

 Omission

98 (89.1)

 Wrong frequency

7 (6.4)

 Wrong dose

5 (4.5)

 Wrong medication

2 (1.8)

Unintended discrepancies by medication route of administration

 

 Oral

102 (92.7)

 Inhaled

4 (3.6)

 Ophthalmic

3 (2.7)

 Topical

1 (0.9)

Unintended discrepancies by class

 

 Dietary supplements (vitamins, minerals, herbal supplements)

18 (16.4)

 Medications

 

 Antihyperlipidemic agents

28 (25.4)

 Antihypertensive agents

14 (12.8)

 Diuretics

10 (9.1)

 Medications for reflux disease

8 (7.4)

 Antidepressants/anxiolytics

6 (5.4)

 Medications for asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

6 (5.4)

 Anti-diarrheal/laxatives/antispasmodics

5 (4.6)

 Antipsychotics

4 (3.6)

 Anti-gout agents

4 (3.6)

 Oral antidiabetic/insulin

2 (1.8)

 Immunosuppressants (methotrexate and mycophenolic acid)

2 (1.8)

 Thyroid replacement (levothyroxine)

2 (1.8)

 Analgesics (acetaminophen)

1 (0.9)

Unintended discrepancies by WHO 1st level of ATC classification

 

 Cardiovascular system

52 (47.3)

 Various

35 (31.8)

 Nervous system

10 (9.1)

 Respiratory system

6 (5.4)

 Musculo-skeletal system

5 (4.6)

 Antineoplastic and immunomodulating effect

2 (1.8)

High-alert medications

 

 Insulin (glargine; degludec)

2

 Immunosuppressant (methotrexate; mycophenolic acid)

2

Proximal cause of unintended discrepancies

 

 Clinician lack of knowledge/familiarity with medication

45 (40.9)

 Physicians non-compliance with evidence-based recommendations

44 (40)

 Patient forgetfulness/lack of knowledge

11 (10)

 Name similarity

9 (8.2)

 Reason unidentified

1 (0.9)