From: Value of pharmacy services upon admission to an orthopedic surgery unit
Variable | Frequency (percentage) N = 110 |
---|---|
Unintended discrepancies by type | Â |
 Omission | 98 (89.1) |
 Wrong frequency | 7 (6.4) |
 Wrong dose | 5 (4.5) |
 Wrong medication | 2 (1.8) |
Unintended discrepancies by medication route of administration | Â |
 Oral | 102 (92.7) |
 Inhaled | 4 (3.6) |
 Ophthalmic | 3 (2.7) |
 Topical | 1 (0.9) |
Unintended discrepancies by class | Â |
 Dietary supplements (vitamins, minerals, herbal supplements) | 18 (16.4) |
 Medications |  |
 Antihyperlipidemic agents | 28 (25.4) |
 Antihypertensive agents | 14 (12.8) |
 Diuretics | 10 (9.1) |
 Medications for reflux disease | 8 (7.4) |
 Antidepressants/anxiolytics | 6 (5.4) |
 Medications for asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6 (5.4) |
 Anti-diarrheal/laxatives/antispasmodics | 5 (4.6) |
 Antipsychotics | 4 (3.6) |
 Anti-gout agents | 4 (3.6) |
 Oral antidiabetic/insulin | 2 (1.8) |
 Immunosuppressants (methotrexate and mycophenolic acid) | 2 (1.8) |
 Thyroid replacement (levothyroxine) | 2 (1.8) |
 Analgesics (acetaminophen) | 1 (0.9) |
Unintended discrepancies by WHO 1st level of ATC classification | Â |
 Cardiovascular system | 52 (47.3) |
 Various | 35 (31.8) |
 Nervous system | 10 (9.1) |
 Respiratory system | 6 (5.4) |
 Musculo-skeletal system | 5 (4.6) |
 Antineoplastic and immunomodulating effect | 2 (1.8) |
High-alert medications | Â |
 Insulin (glargine; degludec) | 2 |
 Immunosuppressant (methotrexate; mycophenolic acid) | 2 |
Proximal cause of unintended discrepancies | Â |
 Clinician lack of knowledge/familiarity with medication | 45 (40.9) |
 Physicians non-compliance with evidence-based recommendations | 44 (40) |
 Patient forgetfulness/lack of knowledge | 11 (10) |
 Name similarity | 9 (8.2) |
 Reason unidentified | 1 (0.9) |