Table 1 Patient’s baseline demographic characteristics, N = 105

Age (years old)^a

57.0 ± 12.1

 < 60

59 (56.2)

 ≥ 60

46 (43.8)

 Male

52 (49.5)

 Female

53 (50.5)

 Malay

53 (50.5)

 Chinese

19 (18.0)

 Indian

32 (30.5)

 Others

1 (1.0)

 Yes

2 (1.9)

 No

93 (88.6)

 Ex-smoker

10 (9.5)

 Yes

1 (1.0)

 No

101 (96.1)

 Ex-consumer

3 (2.9)

Weight (kg)^a

78.1 ± 14.5

Height (m)^a

1.62 ± 0.08

BMI (kg/m²)^{a, b}

29.5 ± 4.6

 < 18.5 (Underweight)

0 (0.0)

 18.5–22.9 (Normal)

4 (3.8)

 23.0–27.4 (Overweight)

38 (36.2)

 ≥ 27.5 (Obese)

63 (60.0)

 Male

99.7 ± 11.5

 Female

94.9 ± 11.8