Indicator | Ghana |
---|---|
a) Governance of Prescription Medicines | |
 National Medicines Policy | Yes [22] |
 National Medicines List | Yes [23] |
  - Date of most recent update | Not specified |
  - Does it specify the manufacturer name? | Yes |
  - Does it specify the country of manufacture? | No |
 Essential Medicines List | Yes [24] |
 Medicine regulations include pharmaceutical promotion and advertising | Yes [25] |
 Medicines Regulatory Authority (MRA) | Yes - FDA |
 National code/guideline for the ethical promotion of prescription pharmaceuticals | Yes [26] |
  Does the code explicitly mention? | |
   - Healthcare professionals | No |
   - Medical institutions | No |
   - Patient organizations | No |
   - Medical representatives | No |
   - The general public | Yes |
   - Media | Yes |
  Does it cover the following forms of promotion? | |
   - Direct-to-consumer advertising | Yes |
   - Disease awareness campaigns | No |
   - Interactions with medical representatives | No |
   - Speakers fees and consultancies | No |
   - Continuing education sponsorship | No |
   - Prescription samples | No |
   - Patient information | No |
   - Packaging, labeling and package inserts | No |
   - Promotion of off-label indications | Yes |
   - Gift-giving | Yes |
  Is pre-approval required? | Yes |
  Does the pre-approval submission require the following information: | [27] |
   - International non-proprietary name (INN) | Yes |
   - Brand name | Yes |
   - Company name | Yes |
   - Major indications for use | No |
   - Adverse effects | Yes |
   - Contraindications | No |
   - Medicine interactions | No |
   - Cost | No |
  Is monitoring in force? | Yes |
  Is there a formal mechanism for lodging a complaint? | No |
  Are enforcement and sanctions stated? | No |
  Are violations publicly available? | Yes |
 Is there a government-sponsored, unbiased source of drug information? | No |
 National Pharmaceutical Industry Association | Yes [28] |
  - Represent multi-national manufacturers | No |
  - Represent national manufacturers | Yes |
  - Associated with IFPMA | No |
  - Code of conducts specific to ethical promotion | No |
b) Health Care Professional Codes and Regulations | |
 National Pharmacy College Code of Conduct specific to ethical promotion | Yes [29] |
 National Physician College Code of Conduct | No [30] |
c) Anti-Corruption Governance | |
 Signing of the UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) | Yes [31] |
 Signing of UN Convention on Human Rights | 17/18 treaties [32] |
 National Anti-Corruption Law(s) | Yes [33] |
 African Union Convention on Preventing and Combatting Corruption | Yes [34] |
 Economic Community of West African States Protocol on Corruption | Yes [35] |
 National Anti-Corruption Strategy | Yes [36] |
 National Anti-Corruption Commission | Yes [37] |
 National Law on Freedom of Information | No |
 Whistleblower Protection | Yes [38] |
 Transparency Laws | No |
 Code of Conduct for Civil Servants | Yes [39] |
 Ethical Principles for Civil Servants | For GHS [40] |
d) Indexes | |
 Corruption Perception Index (Transparency International) | 40; 81/180 countries [41] |
 Regional and/or National Indexes (if available) | IIAG 65; 8/54 [42] |