Table 5 Factors that may influence medicines retail price of MPR > 2.5 in private healthcare sector in Malaysia
MPR | Univariate analysis (n = 2527) | Multivariate analysis (n = 2527) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MPR ≤ 2.5 (n = 202), n (%)a | MPR > 2.5 (n = 2325), n (%)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Wald’s χ2 (df) | P-value | Adj. OR (95% CI) | Wald’s χ2 (df) | P-value | |
Condition | ||||||||
Acute | 99 (11.3) | 774 (88.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Chronic | 103 (6.2) | 1551 (93.8) | 1.93 (1.44, 2.57) | 19.76 (1) | < 0.001 | 2.05 (1.46, 2.70) | 16.84 (1) | < 0.001 |
Type of medicine | ||||||||
Innovator brands | 32 (3.6) | 851 (96.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Generic | 170 (10.3) | 1474 (89.7) | 0.33 (0.22, 0.48) | 32.22 (1) | < 0.001 | 0.24 (0.15, 0.37) | 39.81 (1) | < 0.001 |
Manufacturer | ||||||||
Import | 149 (8.8) | 1542 (91.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Local | 53 (6.3) | 783 (93.7) | 1.43 (1.03, 1.98) | 4.61 (1) | 0.032 | 3.86 (2.61,5.71) | 45.88 (1) | < 0.001 |
Region | ||||||||
Peninsular | 161 (8.7) | 1686 (91.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
East Malaysia | 41 (6.0) | 639 (94.0) | 1.49 (1.04, 2.12) | 4.83 (1) | 0.028 | 1.84 (1.26, 2.68) | 10.32 (1) | < 0.001 |
Type of Facility | ||||||||
Community Pharmacy | 179 (8.3) | 1984 (91.3) | 1.00 | |||||
Private Hospital | 23(6.3) | 341 (93.7) | 1.34 (0.85, 2.09) | 1.61 (1) | 0.200 | – | – | – |
Location | ||||||||
Urban | 152(7.1) | 1975 (92.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Rural | 50(12.5) | 350 (87.5) | 0.54 (0.38, 0.76) | 12.77 (1) | < 0.001 | 0.48 (0.34, 0.69) | 15.86 (1) | < 0.001 |
Form | ||||||||
Tablet | 161(6.9) | 2181 (93.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Other form | 41(22.2) | 144 (77.8) | 0.26 (0.18, 0.38) | 47.95 (1) | < 0.001 | 0.20 (0.13, 0.32) | 51.53 (1) | < 0.001 |
PSD Wholesale | 5.94 d | 15.70 e | 1.58 (1.27, 1.96) | 17.29 (1) | < 0.001 | – | – | NS |
PSD RRP | 8.60 d | 20.84 e | 1.47 (1.25, 1.74) | 20.96 (1) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.17, 1.98) | 10.03 (1) | < 0.001 |
MPMS Wholesale | 5.21 d | 11.96 e | 1.36 (1.09, 1.69) | 7.17 (1) | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.55, 0.93) | 6.10 (1) | 0.013 |