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Table 1 Summary of studies included in the review
| Author, year of study | Country | Study design | Number of participants | Outcomes assessed | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cho et al., 2018 [12] | Korea | Retrospective study | 1284 | CKD outcomes (incident CKD, incident CKD with progression and mild renal progression) | No significant association between duration of PPI use and chronic kidney disease development (HR of heavy users, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.61–3.67), |
| Rodriguez-Poncelas et al., 2018 [15] | Spain | Population-based retrospective study | 46,541 | Incident CKD | Higher doses of PPIs increased the risk of incident CKD (HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.00–6.19). |
| Hung et al., 2018 [13] | Taiwan | Population-based case-controlled study | 16,704 | Incidence of CKD | Odds Ratio for CKD in PPI users was 1.41 compared to non-users of PPI |
| Klatte et al., 2017 [14] | Sweden | Retrospective study | 114, 883 | Progression of CKD (estimated by doubling of creatinine levels and reduction in glomerular filtration rate | PPI use associated with raised creatine levels compared to HR receptor antagonists (1985 events; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05–1.51) as well as reduction in the estimated GFR by 30% or more (11,045 events; 1.26; 95% CI, 1.16–1.36). |
| Lazarus et al., 2016 [8] | USA | Prospective cohort study | 10,482 | Incidence of CKD | Risk of CKD with PPI use was 1.39 (1.01–1.91) against no PPI use |
| Arora et al., 2016 [9] | USA | Retrospective study | 99,269 | Incidence of CKD | PPI use against no PPI use 1.10 (1.04–1.16) |
| Xie et al., 2016 [10] | USA | Prospective cohort study | 144,032 | Incidence of CKD | The risk of CKD associated with PPI was 1.28 (1.22–1.34) against no PPI use |
| Blank et al., 2014 [20] | New Zealand | Nested case-controlled study | 572,661 | Incidence of PPI-induced AIN | The incidence rates and confidence intervals per 100,000 person-years were 11.98 (9.11–15.47) for current and 1.68 (0.91–2.86) for past users of PPIs |
| Simpson et al., 2006 [19] | New Zealand | Observational study (Reports and analysis) | 15 | Incidence of PPI-induced AIN | The incidence of AIN was found to be in 8 per 100 000 patient years (95% confidence level 2.6–18.7) |
| Geevasinga et al., 2006 [18] | Australia | Retrospective case review | 28 | Incidence of PPI-induced AIN | The study detected 18 cases of biopsy-proven PPI-induced AIN |
