|
Cho et al., 2018 [12]
|
Korea
|
Retrospective study
|
1284
|
CKD outcomes (incident CKD, incident CKD with progression and mild renal progression)
|
No significant association between duration of PPI use and chronic kidney disease development (HR of heavy users, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.61–3.67),
|
|
Rodriguez-Poncelas et al., 2018 [15]
|
Spain
|
Population-based retrospective study
|
46,541
|
Incident CKD
|
Higher doses of PPIs increased the risk of incident CKD (HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.00–6.19).
|
|
Hung et al., 2018 [13]
|
Taiwan
|
Population-based case-controlled study
|
16,704
|
Incidence of CKD
|
Odds Ratio for CKD in PPI users was 1.41 compared to non-users of PPI
|
|
Klatte et al., 2017 [14]
|
Sweden
|
Retrospective study
|
114, 883
|
Progression of CKD (estimated by doubling of creatinine levels and reduction in glomerular filtration rate
|
PPI use associated with raised creatine levels compared to HR receptor antagonists (1985 events; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05–1.51) as well as reduction in the estimated GFR by 30% or more (11,045 events; 1.26; 95% CI, 1.16–1.36).
|
|
Lazarus et al., 2016 [8]
|
USA
|
Prospective cohort study
|
10,482
|
Incidence of CKD
|
Risk of CKD with PPI use was 1.39 (1.01–1.91) against no PPI use
|
|
Arora et al., 2016 [9]
|
USA
|
Retrospective study
|
99,269
|
Incidence of CKD
|
PPI use against no PPI use 1.10 (1.04–1.16)
|
|
Xie et al., 2016 [10]
|
USA
|
Prospective cohort study
|
144,032
|
Incidence of CKD
|
The risk of CKD associated with PPI was 1.28 (1.22–1.34) against no PPI use
|
|
Blank et al., 2014 [20]
|
New Zealand
|
Nested case-controlled study
|
572,661
|
Incidence of PPI-induced AIN
|
The incidence rates and confidence intervals per 100,000 person-years were 11.98 (9.11–15.47) for current and 1.68 (0.91–2.86) for past users of PPIs
|
|
Simpson et al., 2006 [19]
|
New Zealand
|
Observational study (Reports and analysis)
|
15
|
Incidence of PPI-induced AIN
|
The incidence of AIN was found to be in 8 per 100 000 patient years (95% confidence level 2.6–18.7)
|
|
Geevasinga et al., 2006 [18]
|
Australia
|
Retrospective case review
|
28
|
Incidence of PPI-induced AIN
|
The study detected 18 cases of biopsy-proven PPI-induced AIN
|
