Demographic factors | EQ-5D-5L | WHOQOL-BREF | Willingness to pay (USD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EQ-5D index | EQ-VAS | Physical | Psychological | Social | Environmental | ||
Gender | Â | ||||||
Male | 0.89 ± 0.17 | 77.04 ± 14.48 | 60.65 ± 14.15 | 68.55 ± 15.43 | 60.22 ± 18.50 | 65.05 ± 13.91 | 25.15 ± 35.81 |
Female | 0.88 ± 0.14 | 76.81 ± 17.35 | 57.71 ± 14.01 | 68.57 ± 15.58 | 58.04 ± 20.73 | 65.41 ± 14.21 | 19.35 ± 27.93 |
p value | 0.0665 | 0.7091 | 0.0937 | 0.9904 | 0.3709 | 0.8394 | 0.3302 |
Age (years) grouped by median | Â | ||||||
≤ 60 | 0.91 ± 0.12 | 79.57 ± 15.31 | 62.60 ± 14.26 | 71.07 ± 13.84 | 63.90 ± 17.75 | 66.07 ± 13.16 | 23.75 ± 32.65 |
> 60 | 0.86 ± 0.18 | 74.11 ± 16.19 | 55.54 ± 13.10 | 65.88 ± 16.68 | 54.06 ± 20.34 | 64.33 ± 14.91 | 20.65 ± 31.73 |
p value | 0.0059 | 0.0037 |  < 0.0001 | 0.0069 |  < 0.0001 | 0.3183 | 0.0490 |
Marital status | Â | ||||||
Single/Separated/ Divorced/Widow | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 76.24 ± 16.73 | 58.18 ± 13.41 | 67.33 ± 15.54 | 58.09 ± 19.22 | 62.12 ± 13.65 | 18.62 ± 21.57 |
Married | 0.88 ± 0.17 | 77.34 ± 15.49 | 59.79 ± 14.56 | 69.31 ± 15.43 | 59.77 ± 19.93 | 67.14 ± 13.97 | 24.48 ± 37.13 |
p value | 0.5333 | 0.6810 | 0.3743 | 0.3180 | 0.5043 | 0.0049 | 0.0678 |
Education level | Â | ||||||
Primary or secondary | 0.89 ± 0.14 | 76.79 ± 16.24 | 58.55 ± 13.94 | 68.06 ± 15.26 | 58.24 ± 19.77 | 64.38 ± 13.45 | 21.93 ± 32.81 |
Higher secondary and above | 0.89 ± 0.22 | 77.87 ± 13.84 | 63.84 ± 14.88 | 72.26 ± 16.74 | 65.74 ± 17.62 | 71.48 ± 16.75 | 24.59 ± 27.50 |
p value | 0.0506 | 0.9389 | 0.0501 | 0.1564 | 0.0456 | 0.0080 | 0.1859 |
Work status | Â | ||||||
Job/Business | 0.91 ± 0.12 | 78.76 ± 14.43 | 61.02 ± 13.05 | 69.16 ± 13.90 | 61.71 ± 16.65 | 65.20 ± 13.29 | 24.31 ± 32.15 |
Not working | 0.86 ± 0.18 | 74.75 ± 17.39 | 56.99 ± 15.08 | 67.84 ± 17.19 | 56.08 ± 22.37 | 65.27 ± 14.93 | 18.41 ± 32.06 |
p value | 0.0039 | 0.0700 | 0.0217 | 0.5010 | 0.0244 | 0.9680 | 0.0327 |
Income (THB) grouped by median | |||||||
≤ 8,000 | 0.87 ± 0.14 | 73.71 ± 17.56 | 55.49 ± 13.73 | 67.40 ± 15.37 | 57.52 ± 20.72 | 63.32 ± 14.25 | 21.21 ± 37.61 |
> 8000 | 0.90 ± 0.16 | 79.94 ± 13.66 | 62.64 ± 13.67 | 69.65 ± 15.55 | 60.65 ± 18.52 | 67.03 ± 13.64 | 23.52 ± 24.06 |
p value | 0.0009 | 0.0080 |  < 0.0001 | 0.2415 | 0.1992 | 0.0328 | 0.0055 |
Warfarin indication | |||||||
AF/Valve replacements | 0.89 ± 0.14 | 77.25 ± 16.04 | 59.14 ± 13.66 | 68.53 ± 15.20 | 59.23 ± 19.46 | 65.08 ± 13.88 | 21.55 ± 31.87 |
DVT/PEs | 0.82 ± 0.24 | 73.41 ± 14.83 | 59.55 ± 18.86 | 68.82 ± 18.55 | 58.05 ± 21.94 | 66.86 ± 15.83 | 27.35 ± 30.63 |
p value | 0.1839 | 0.1603 | 0.9230 | 0.9344 | 0.7871 | 0.5694 | 0.9973 |
Comorbidities | |||||||
No | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 79.79 ± 14.80 | 64.85 ± 13.42 | 73.15 ± 14.39 | 65.63 ± 19.41 | 67.12 ± 12.83 | 29.61 ± 39.24 |
Yes | 0.86 ± 0.17 | 75.60 ± 16.32 | 56.56 ± 13.71 | 66.44 ± 15.54 | 56.13 ± 19.07 | 64.36 ± 14.51 | 18.55 ± 27.36 |
p value | 0.0001 | 0.0599 |  < 0.0001 | 0.0011 | 0.0003 | 0.1406 | 0.0011 |
Smoking | |||||||
Non-smokers | 0.89 ± 0.16 | 77.18 ± 15.60 | 58.89 ± 13.91 | 68.61 ± 15.09 | 59.33 ± 19.26 | 65.31 ± 13.67 | 23.25 ± 34.96 |
Smokers | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 73.24 ± 20.54 | 63.29 ± 16.96 | 67.76 ± 20.78 | 56.24 ± 25.02 | 64.12 ± 19.00 | 18.51 ± 18.23 |
p value | 0.3999 | 0.5499 | 0.2147 | 0.8706 | 0.5306 | 0.8026 | 0.4217 |
Alcohol consumptions | |||||||
Non-drinkers | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 76.76 ± 16.11 | 58.36 ± 14.02 | 68.60 ± 15.21 | 59.08 ± 19.50 | 65.12 ± 13.91 | 21.80 ± 33.56 |
Drinkers | 0.96 ± 0.07 | 78.03 ± 14.94 | 64.82 ± 13.83 | 68.27 ± 17.42 | 59.45 ± 20.90 | 66.00 ± 15.06 | 23.35 ± 28.69 |
p value | 0.0003 | 0.7432 | 0.0138 | 0.9101 | 0.9195 | 0.7369 | 0.8649 |
INR level | |||||||
Within target range (2–3) | 0.90 ± 0.14 | 78.98 ± 16.06 | 60.43 ± 13.99 | 68.07 ± 14.99 | 59.49 ± 20.01 | 65.02 ± 14.68 | 18.49 ± 16.74 |
Out of target range | 0.88 ± 0.17 | 75.10 ± 15.68 | 58.07 ± 14.21 | 68.99 ± 15.93 | 58.81 ± 19.38 | 65.41 ± 13.49 | 25.57 ± 41.07 |
p value | 0.4168 | 0.0316 | 0.1778 | 0.6363 | 0.7811 | 0.8242 | 0.5170 |
Warfarin duration | |||||||
 < 1 year | 0.85 ± 0.18 | 70.44 ± 17.34 | 54.21 ± 15.80 | 68.38 ± 17.85 | 57.41 ± 20.82 | 65.15 ± 12.82 | 34.10 ± 53.55 |
 ≥ 1 year | 0.89 ± 0.15 | 77.90 ± 15.54 | 59.92 ± 13.75 | 68.58 ± 15.13 | 59.39 ± 19.49 | 65.24 ± 14.23 | 20.46 ± 27.34 |
p value | 0.0783 | 0.0195 | 0.0275 | 0.9437 | 0.5851 | 0.9703 | 0.1001 |