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Table 1 Demographic characteristic of respondents with perceived challenges and attitudes score (n = 175)

From: Experience and attitudes of pharmacists towards challenges and adaptive measures to new norm in ward pharmacy practice during the COVID-19 pandemic

Demographic

n = 175,

n (%)

Perceived challenges

Attitude

Mean(SD)

p-value

Mean(SD)

p-value

Gender

     

 Male

31 (17.7%)

3.27 (0.53)

0.012*

4.16 (0.42)

0.180

 Female

144 (82.3%)

2.95 (0.66)

 

4.27 (0.39)

 

Ethnicity

     

 Malay

72 (41.1%)

2.85 (0.66)

0.010*

4.17 (0.43)

0.991

 Chinese

84 (48.0%)

3.15 (0.56)

 

4.18 (0.40)

 

 Indian

19 (10.9%)

2.94 (0.83)

 

4.18 (0.45)

 

Age group

     

 21–30 years old

105 (60.0%)

2.96 (0.67)

0.258

4.14 (0.39)

0.216

 31–50 years old

70 (40.0%)

3.07 (0.61)

 

4.22 (0.44)

 

Years of service

     

 < 1 year

60 (34.3%)

2.80 (0.68)

0.025*

4.16 (0.39)

0.995

 1–5 years

78 (44.6%)

3.09 (0.64)

 

4.18 (0.44)

 

 6–10 years

22 (12.6%)

3.19 (0.54)

 

4.19 (0.37)

 

 11–15 years

15 (8.6%)

3.11 (0.53)

 

4.18 (0.46)

 

Employment type

     

 Trainee

56 (32.0%)

2.79 (0.63)

0.009*

4.10 (0.40)

0.044*

 Contract-based FRP

26 (14.9%)

3.01 (0.62)

 

4.07 (0.40)

 

 Permanent-based FRP

93 (53.1%)

3.13 (0.64)

 

4.25 (0.41)

 

Highest education level

     

 Bachelor’s Degree

156 (89.1%)

2.97 (0.66)

0.047*

4.16 (0.41)

0.089

 Master’s Degree

19 (10.9%)

3.28 (0.55)

 

4.33 (0.43)

 

Wad discipline

     

 Medical

124 (70.9%)

2.99 (0.66)

0.800

4.16 (0.42)

0.468

 Pediatrics

18 (10.3%)

2.87 (0.68)

 

4.07 (0.46)

 

 Surgical

9 (5.1%)

3.22 (0.67)

 

4.41 (0.49)

 

 Orthopedics

6 (3.4%)

3.20 (0.48)

 

4.28 (0.21)

 

 ICU

5 (2.9%)

2.87 (0.70)

 

4.36 (0.14)

 

 A&E

3(1.7%)

3.26 (0.31)

 

4.04 (0.17)

 

 Multidisciplinary

6 (3.4%)

2.88 (0.71)

 

4.31 (0.36)

 

 Others

4 (2.3%)

3.27 (0.41)

 

4.22 (0.33)

 

Ward type

     

 Non-COVID-19

152 (86.9%)

3.02 (0.67)

0.322

4.17 (0.42)

0.727

 COVID-19 and non-COVID-19

23 (13.1%)

2.88 (0.44)

 

4.20 (0.38)

 

PhIS type

     

 Pharmacy based

109 (62.3%)

2.92 (0.60)

0.168

4.07 (0.44)

0.007*

 Full based

66 (37.7%)

3.06 (0.67)

 

4.24 (0.39)

 
  1. PRP: Provisionally registered pharmacist; FRP: Fully registered pharmacist; HDU: High-dependency care unit; PhIS: Pharmacy Information System; SD: standard deviation
  2. Full based: Medication prescribed by doctors was directly entered into the PhIS system
  3. Pharmacy based: Pharmacists manually transcribed prescriptions written by doctors into the PhIS system
  4. *One-way ANOVA test performed (Independent t-test performed if 2 categories variables)
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Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

ISSN: 2052-3211

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